Андрей Солдатов: The Red Web: The Struggle Between Russia's Digital Dictators and the New Online Revolutionaries

Gunnar Fant, Acoustic Theory of Speech Production (The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton and Co, N.V. Publishers), 1960.

Gunnar Fant, Akusticheskaya teoria recheobrazovania [Acoustic Theory of Speech Production] (Moscow: Nauka, 1964).

Fant’s autobiography on the site of the Department of Speech, Music and Hearing of KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, founded by Fant. Gunnar Fant, “Half a Century in Phonetics and Speech Research,” www.speech.kth.se/gunnarfant/halfcentury.pdf.

Sergei Koval, interview with authors, January 2012.

Vladimir Chuchupal, interview with authors, September 2014.

Loren Graham, conversations with authors, September 2013.

Anatoly Levenchuk, interview with authors, August 2014.

Ibid.

“Chuzadas no fueron hechas por el DAS: Felipe Muñoz” [Wiretappings Were Not Made by the DAS: Felipe Muñoz], Vanguardia , September 22, 2009, www.vanguardia.com/historico/40371-chuzadas-no-fueron-hechas-por-el-das-felipe-munoz.

For details, see Camilla Pease-Watkin, “DAS Scandal ‘Worse than Watergate,’” Colombia Reports , June 18, 2010, http://colombiareports.co/us-report-das-scandal-worse-than-watergate, and the text of the report, “Far Worse than Watergate Widening Scandal Regarding Colombia’s Intelligence Agency,” prepared by the Latin America Working Group Education Fund, US Office on Colombia, Center for International Policy and Washington Office on Latin America, www.lawg.org/storage/colombia/farworsethanwatergatefinalfinal.pdf, and Joshua Goodman, “Ex-Spy Chief Wanted in Colombia for Wiretaps Surrenders,” Associated Press, January 31, 2015, http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/spy-chief-wanted-colombia-wiretaps-surrenders-28625517.

“Chuzadas no fueron hechas por el DAS: Felipe Muñoz” [Wiretappings Were Not Made by the DAS: Felipe Muñoz]. See also SpeechPro’s press release, “STC Expert Helped Justifying Colombian Security Department,” October 6, 2009, http://speechpro.com/media/news/2009–10–06.

Chris Kraul, “Colombia Spy Chief Works to Clean Up Agency,” Los Angeles Times , April 22, 2010, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/22/world/la-fg-colombia-das-qa-20100423.

William Romero, a former senior official of Colombia’s DAS security service, told radio stations that he received orders from then DAS director Maria del Pilar Hurtado—who went into exile in Panama in the summer of 2014—to spy on Supreme Court justices. He also said that the main intended recipient of transcripts of the intercepted communication was ex-President Álvaro Uribe. For details, see EFE, “Uribe Ordered Illegal Wiretaps, Former Colombian Spy Says,” Latin American Herald Tribune , August 1, 2014, www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=381815&CategoryId=12393.

“WikiLeaks: The Spy Files,” www.wikileaks.org/the-spyfiles.html.

Vadim Sekeresh, interview with authors, December 2011.

“Glava Roskomnadzora na peredache Hard day’s night” [Head of Roskomnadzor at the Broadcast of Hard Day’s Night], TV Dozhd, November 20, 2012, http://tvrain.ru/articles/glava_roskomnadzora_ob_obyskah_u_malofeeva_ekspertah_po_detskoj_pornografii_i_chernyh_spiskah_interneta-333188.

YouTube was blocked in the mostly Muslim republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, and the Stavropol Region.

The account is based on Alexey Afanasyev, interviews with authors, September and October 2014.

Konstantin Poleskov, “Eto bylo nechto!” [It Was Something!], Novaya Gazeta , April 8, 2013, www.novayagazeta.ru/society/57539.html.

Ilya Azar, “I Don’t Appeal to Build a Dictatorship,” interview with Kaspersky, Lenta.ru, October 1, 2013.

Andrei Soldatov, “What Russia Censored in March,” Index on Censorship, April 30, 2013, http://uncut.indexoncensorship.org/2013/04/what-russia-censored-in-march.

“Administratsia Twittera aktivno vkluchilas v sotrudnichestvo s Reestrom zapreshennoi k rasprostaneniyu v Rossii informatcii” [Administration of Twitter Actively Involved in Cooperation with the Register of Information Forbidden to Disseminate in Russia], Roskomnadzor statement, March 19, 2013, http://06.rkn.gov.ru/news/news48104.htm.

Andrew E. Kramer, “Russians Selectively Blocking Internet,” New York Times , March 31, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/04/01/technology/russia-begins-selectively-blocking-internet-content.html.

9M. Ksenzov remarks, enlarged meeting of the board of Roskomnadzor, May 14, 2013, http://rkn.gov.ru/press/developments/speech/news19962.htm.

A. A. Zharov remarks, enlarged meeting of the board of Roskomnadzor, May 14, 2013, http://rkn.gov.ru/press/developments/speech/news19962.htm.

Jeffrey Peterson, “Safe Internet League Established in Russia,” EWDN , February 11, 2011, www.ewdn.com/2011/02/15/safe-internet-league-established-in-russia.

“LBI: Russkoyazichny segment interneta stanovitsa chishe” [The Safe Internet League: The Russian Segment of the Internet Is Getting Cleaner], Refnews.ru, March 2, 2015, www.refnews.ru/read/article/1061481.

The official site of the project is http://mediagvardia.ru.

Statement by Edward Snowden to human rights groups at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo airport, WikiLeaks, July 12, 2013, https://wikileaks.org/Statement-by-Edward-Snowden-to.html.

Transcript of the press conference of Vladimir Putin with president of Finland Sauli Niinistö, June 25, 2013, http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5646.

News conference following the working meeting of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) summit, the transcript on the site of the Kremlin, July 1, 2013, http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5666.

Andrew E. Kramer, “Rights Group Says Its Researcher in Moscow Is Threatened,” New York Times , October 4, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/world/europe/human-rights-watch-says-its-moscow-researcher-threatened.html.

The account below is based on Tanya Lokshina, interview with authors, August 2014.

The e-mail was provided to authors by Lokshina.

Sergei Nikitin, interview with authors, August 2014.

Andrew Roth and David M. Herszenhorn, “Russian Authorities Raid Amnesty International Office,” New York Times , March 25, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/world/europe/russian-authorities-raid-amnesty-international-office.html?_r=0.

On May 12, 2007, the FSB’s Public Relations Center announced that the agency had created a “Public Council” to be geared toward “developing cooperation between security agencies and academic organizations and Russian citizens in providing national security, protecting the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens as well as the constitutional order.” Nikolai Patrushev, then FSB director, said the task of the council is to provide cooperation between the FSB and NGOs as well as Russian citizens. In reality the Public Council has no power and was intended to be a purely consultative body. Apparently the main task of the Public Council is to improve the image of the FSB, as was confirmed to Andrei Soldatov by Andrei Przhedomsky, a member of the Council. For details, see “Public Council at the FSB Established,” Agentura.ru, www.agentura.ru/english/timeline/2007/publiccouncil.