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Conor O'Clery - Moscow, December 25, 1991

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Название:
Moscow, December 25, 1991
Автор:
Conor O\'Clery
Издательство:
PublicAffairs
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-1-610-39012-5
Рейтинг книги:
5 / 5. Голосов: 1
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The implosion of the Soviet Union was the culmination of a gripping game played out between two men who intensely disliked each other and had different concepts for the future. Mikhail Gorbachev, a sophisticated and urbane reformer, sought to modernize and preserve the USSR; Boris Yeltsin, a coarse and a hard drinking “bulldozer,” wished to destroy the union and create a capitalist Russia. The defeat of the August 1991 coup attempt, carried out by hardline communists, shook Gorbachev’s authority and was a triumph for Yeltsin. But it took four months of intrigue and double-dealing before the Soviet Union collapsed and the day arrived when Yeltsin could hustle Gorbachev out of the Kremlin, and move in as ruler of Russia.
Conor O’Clery has written a unique and truly suspenseful thriller of the day the Soviet Union died. The internal power plays, the shifting alliances, the betrayals, the mysterious three colonels carrying the briefcase with the nuclear codes, and the jockeying to exploit the future are worthy of John Le Carré or Alan Furst. The Cold War’s last act was a magnificent dark drama played out in the shadows of the Kremlin.

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227

24 Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 557.

228

25 Interview with Garrison, July 2010.

229

26 Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb, 499.

230

27 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 18, 1991.

231

28 Ibid., diary entry for December 22, 1991.

232

29 Yakovlev, Sumerki, diary entry for December 22, 1991.

233

1 Interview with Grachev, October 2009; Grachev, Final Days, 188-189.

234

2 Interview with Liu, January 2010.

235

3 Interview with Caudill, September 2009.

236

4 Interview with Johnson, September 2009.

237

1 Yakovlev, Sumerki, diary entry for December 23, 1991. Yakovlev provides a detailed account of the meeting. Also Shulgan, The Soviet Ambassador, 294-298.

238

2 Interview with Grachev, October 2009.

239

3 Interview with Koppel, October 2009.

240

4 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 866.

241

5 Shakhnazarov, Tsena Svobody, 294.

242

6 Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 311-316.

243

7 Dobbs, Down with Big Brother, 310-314.

244

8 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 621.

245

9 Cienciala, Lebedeva, and Materski, Katyn, 254-255.

246

10 Ibid., 346.

247

11 Timofeyev, Russia’s Secret Rulers, 26.

248

12 Sandle, Gorbachev, 273.

249

13 Solovyov and Klepikova, Boris Yeltsin, 281.

250

14 Coleman, The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire, 354.

251

15 Yakovlev, Sumerki, diary entry for December 23.

252

1 Gorbachev, Memoirs, xxxiii—xxxvii.

253

2 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 27, 1991.

254

3 Yakovlev, Sumerki, diary entry for December 23, 1991.

255

4 Interview with Somov, September 2009.

256

5 Interviews with Caudill and Johnson, September 2009.

257

6 Interviews with Shipman and Hurst, August 2009.

258

7 Interview with Liu, January 2010.

259

8 Kampfner, “The KGB Interrogated My Turkey.”

260

9 Interview with Gaidar, October 2009.

261

10 Bush and Scowcroft , A World Transformed, 564.

262

11 Ibid., 563.

263

12 Powell, My American Journey, 546.

264

1 ARD German television, cited in FBIS Daily Resort, December 30, 1991, reported Yeltsin’s second thoughts on allowing broadcast.

265

2 Shaposhnikov, Vybor, diary entry for December 25, 1991.

266

3 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 865–866.

267

4 Interview with Schmemann, April 2010.

268

5 Clarity, “No One Said Hurrah as History Was Made”; Clines, “End of the Soviet Union”; Dobbs, “Gorbachev Resignation Ends Soviet Era.”

269

6 Interviews with Caudill, Johnson, Loory, Hurst, and Grachev, autumn 2009.

270

7 Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 459.

271

8 Rosenthal, “Bush Reluctantly Concludes Gorbachev Tried to Cling to Power Too Long.”

272

9 New China News Agency report, December 25, 1991.

273

10 Interview with Shushkevich, January 2010.

274

1 Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, 399.

275

2 Colton, Yeltsin, 391.

276

3 Shulgan, The Soviet Ambassador, 14-15.

277

4 Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military, 439.

278

5 Dunlop, The Rise of Russia, 9.

279

6 Grachev, Final Days, 191.

280

7 Radio Free Europe, October 2, 2009.

281

8 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 27, 1991.

282

9 Gorbachev, Dekabr-91, 120-121.

283

10 Interview with Grachev, October 2009.

284

11 Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military, 371-372; Shaposhnikov, Vybor, diary entry for December 25, 1991.

285

12 Interview with Loory, October 2009.

286

13 Ghitis, The End of Revolution, 18.

287

1 Interview with Chiesa, January 2010.

288

2 Grachev, Final Days, 194.

289

3 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 27, 1991.

290

4 Gorbachev, Dekabr-91, 124.

291

5 Kohan, “I Have Big Plans.”

292

6 Ibid.

293

7 Coleman, The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union, 355.

294

8 Remnick, “Gorbachev Tells Bush, ‘Watch Out for Russia.”’

295

9 Putin, with Gevorkyan, Timakova, and Kolesnikov, First Person, 95-96.

296

1 Shakhnazarov, Tsena Svobody, 309; Chernayev, 1991, diary entry for December 28, 1991.

297

2 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 27, 1991.

298

3 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 866.

299

4 Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 124.

300

5 Solovyov and Klepikova, Boris Yeltsin, 270.

301

6 Shakhnazarov, Tsena Svobody, 309.

302

7 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 28, 1991.

303

8 Androunas, “A Letter from Moscow.”

304

9 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 866.

305

10 Muratov, “Mikhail Gorbachev.”

306

11 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 27, 1991.

307

12 Gorbacheva, I Hope, photograph.

308

1 Martin, “Oleg Looks for the Old Order.”

309

2 Korzhakov, Boris Yeltsin, 172; Boldin, Ten Years That Shook the World, 200-201.

310

3 Interview with Garrison, July 2010.