Conor O'Clery - Moscow, December 25, 1991

15 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 806-807.

16 Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, 369.

17 Kalugin with Montaigne, The First Directorate, 347-348.

1 Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 559-561.

2 Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze, 365-366.

3 Ibid., 358.

4 Interviews with Charlie Caudill, Frida Ghitis, Steve Hurst, Tom Johnson, Stuart Loory, and Claire Shipman, autumn 2009.

5 Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 21.

6 Kuznetsov, Kamera dlya Prezidenta, 12.

1 I have drawn on several accounts to describe the coup attempt of August 1991, principally Aron, Boris Yeltsin ; Boldin, Ten Years That Shook the Word, Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev; Colton, Yeltsin ; Dobbs, Down with Big Brother; Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Union; Gorbachev, Memoirs; Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb; Steele, Eternal Russia; Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia; Korzhakov, Boris Yeltsin ; and Shaposhnikov, Vybor.

2 Dobbs, Down with Big Brother, 374-375.

3 Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, 408.

4 Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 434.

5 Putin with Gevorkyan, Timakova, and Kolesnikov, First Person, 93.

6 Gorbachev, Memoirs, in which he includes Raisa’s diary of the coup, 817-824.

7 Dobbs, Down with Big Brother, 391.

8 Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 532.

9 Muratov, “Mikhail Gorbachev.”

10 Bechloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 444-445.

11 Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb, 495.

12 Khasbulatov, The Struggle for Russia, 170-184.

13 Shevardnadze, “The Tragedy of Gorbachev.”

14 Mickiewicz, Changing Channels, 105.

1 Grachev, Final Days, 188.

2 Making the History of 1989, item 692.

3 Timofeyev, Russia’s Secret Rulers, 37.

4 Sakharov, Moscow and Beyond, 133.

5 Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb, 193, quoting Soviet legal writer Arkady Vaksberg.

6 Boldin, Ten Years That Shook the World, 129.

7 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 18, 1991.

8 Interviews with Caudill, Hurst, Johnson, and Shipman, autumn 2009.

9 Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze, 365.

1 Shakhnazarov, Tsena Svobody, 284.

2 Grachev, Final Days, 80-82.

3 Solovyov and Klepikova, Boris Yeltsin, 273-274.

4 Grachev, Final Days, 51-55.

5 Palazchenko, My Six Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze, 339; Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 447.

6 Pankin, The Last Hundred Days, 236.

7 Pry, War Scare, 110.

8 Shaposhnikov, Vybor, diary entry for December 24, 1991.

9 Interview with Grachev, autumn 2009.

10 Gorbachev and Mlynář, Conversations with Gorbachev, 129.

11 Grachev, Final Days, 112.

12 Ibid., 122-123.

13 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 3, 1991.

1 Baker with DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy, 530.

2 Interviews with Muscovites, February 2010.

3 Interview with Gaidar, Moscow, October 2009; also Gaidar, Days of Defeat and Victory, 129.

4 Wedel, Collision & Collusion, 127-128.

5 Interview with Gaidar, Moscow, October 2009.

6 Kotz and Weir, Revolution from Above, 169.

7 Handelman, Comrade Criminal, 13.

8 Aron, Russia’s Revolution, 191.

1 Cited in Brzezinski and Sullivan, eds., Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 43.

2 Liberty Life Radio, Belarusian Service, December 8, 2006.

3 Loginov, pp. 462-463.

4 Sovetskaya Byelorussia, 45 People at the Table, by Lyudmila Maslyukova, December 8, 2001.

5 Korzhakov, Boris Yeltsin, 160-164.

6 Shakhrai’s comment is from www.vesti.ru, December 12, 2001.

7 Interview with Grachev, autumn 2009.

8 Shaposhnikov, Vybor, diary entry for December 8, 1991.

9 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 848-849.

10 Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed , 554-555.

11 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 849.

12 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 10.

13 Medvedev, Sovetsky Soyuz, 567-568.

14 International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies, Breakthrough to Freedom, 169, 273; Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 482.

15 Gorbachev, Dekabr-91, 67.

16 Grachev , Final Days, 146.

17 Baker with DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy, 563.

18 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 12, 1991.

19 Steele, Eternal Russia, 232.

20 Braithwaite, Across the Moscow River, 268.

21 Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 455.

22 Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 14, 1991.

23 Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 455-456; Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze, 353-354.