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P. Smith - Doomsday Men

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Название:
Doomsday Men
Автор:
P. D. Smith
Издательство:
Allen Lane
Жанр:
История / Культурология / sci_popular / на английском языке
Год:
2007
Город:
London
ISBN:
9780141910321
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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It was the weapon to end all weapons: the doomsday device. A huge nuclear bomb so powerful that it could envelop the entire planet in a cloud of radioactive dust, and bring about instant extinction.
This is the untold story of the Cold War’s most insane plan, the men behind it and how it nearly happened. It is also the history of humanity’s nightmare vision of a superweapon, showing how popular culture – from the stories of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne to films such as
,
and
itself – has both shaped and reflected our darkest dreams.

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86. Von Neumann to Lewis Strauss, 21 Nov. 1951; quoted in Kaplan, 63.

87. Von Neumann, 10 Jan. 1955; quoted in Poundstone, 184.

88. Von Neumann in 1954; quoted in Rhodes, 362.

89. William Liscum Borden, There Will Be No Time: The Revolution in Strategy (New York: Macmillan, 1946), 225.

90. NYT (4 Mar. 1956), 3.

91. See Poundstone, 189; and Norman Macrae, John von Neumann (New York: Pantheon, 1992), 331. On the Crossroads tests and incidence of disease, see Catherine Caufield, Multiple Exposures: Chronicles of the Radiation Age (London: Penguin, 1990), 99.

92. Poundstone, 193.

93. Robert Serber, Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How to Build an Atomic Bomb , ed. Richard Rhodes (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 4, n2.

94. Edward Teller, Los Alamos report from Feb. 1950, ‘On the Development of Thermonuclear Bombs’, LA-643, 16.ii.50; quoted in Rhodes, 419.

Chapter 18

1. Marshall Rosenbluth; interview in Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New York: Touchstone, 1996), 541–2.

2. Lindesay Parrott, ‘Japan to Survey Radioactivity of Sea Around the Bikini Tests’, NYT (17 Apr. 1954).

3. Strauss, quoted in Catherine Caufield, Multiple Exposures: Chronicles of the Radiation Age (London: Penguin, 1990), 115.

4. Hanson W. Baldwin, ‘H-bomb Fall-out Poses New Defense Problems’, NYT (20 Feb. 1955), IV, 10.

5. Parrott.

6. Columns Lang wrote for the New Yorker were collected in From Hiroshima to the Moon: Chronicles of Life in the Atomic Age (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959); this is from his column for June 1955 (p. 369).

7. Igor Kurchatov, Report on ‘The Danger of Atomic War’ (1954), .

8. Quoted in David Hawkins et al., eds., Project Y: The Los Alamos Story (Los Angeles: Tomash, 1983; 1st edn 1947), 187.

9. Time (Nov. 1954); quoted in Caufield, 115.

10. Dwight Macdonald, ‘The Decline to Barbarism’, Policy (Sep. 1945); quoted in Kai Bird and Lawrence Lifschultz, Hiroshima’s Shadow: Writings on the Denial of History and the Smithsonian Controversy (Stony Creek, Conn.: Pamphleteer’s Press, 1998), 266.

11. Kenney, quoted in Donald Porter Geddes, ed., The Atomic Age Opens (New York: Pocket Books, 1945), 33.

12. William L. Laurence, Dawn over Zero: The Story of the Atomic Bomb (London: Museum, 1947), 9.

13. ibid., 136.

14. Carl Urbano, dir., A is for Atom (General Electric Co, 1952); downloadable from .

15. Tomoyuki Tanaka, quoted in William Tsutsui, Godzilla on My Mind: Fifty Years of the King of Monsters (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004),

18.

16. ibid., 29, 30.

17. ibid., 32.

18. Gordon Douglas, dir., Them! (Warner Bros, 1954).

19. ‘straws’: Jeremy Bernstein, Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma (London: Duckworth, 2004), 105; ‘as large as you wish’: ‘H-Bomb Tests End; Called a Success’, NYT (14 May 1954), 5.

20. Cabinet Committee on Defence Policy, 1 June 1954; UK Public Record Office, CAB 134/808.

21. Macmillan Diary, 26 Jan. 1955; quoted in Peter Hennessy, The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War (London: Penguin, 2003), 52.

22. Winston Churchill, 8 July 1954; UK Public Record Office, CAB 128/27; quoted in Hennessy, 58.

23. Strath Report, Mar. 1955; UK Public Record Office, CAB 134/940; quoted in Hennessy, 140.

24. Strath Report, Mar. 1955; UK Public Record Office, CAB 134/940, 10.

25. ibid., 11.

26. Von Neumann, quoted in Lewis L. Strauss, Men and Decisions (London: Macmillan, 1963), 350.

27. Hans Bethe, Harrison Brown, FrederickSeitz, Leo Szilard, ‘The Facts About the Hydrogen Bomb’, BAS , 6 (Apr. 1950), 109 (Szilard speaking).

28. William L. Laurence, ‘Now Most Dreaded Weapon, Cobalt Bomb, Can Be Built’, NYT (7 Apr. 1954), 4.

29. ‘Potentialities of Cobalt Bomb’, and ‘Japanese Affected by Hydrogen Bomb’, Times (8 Apr. 1954), 9; ‘National Petition on Hydrogen Bomb’, Times (8 Apr. 1954), 6.

30. Mary M. Simpson, ‘News and Notes’, BAS , 10 (Mar. 1954), 107.

31. ‘“Cobalt Bomb” Fears’, Times (9 Sep. 1953), 7.

32. This explosion, on 14 Sep. 1957, was the first of three tests in the Antler series. On this and other UK tests, see ‘British Nuclear Testing’, http: //nuclearweaponarchive.org/Uk/UKTesting.html.

33. ‘Cobalt Bomb Use in War Scouted’, NYT (12 Apr. 1954), 20.

34. ‘Italy Seizes 9 Tons of Cobalt’, NYT (18 Apr. 1954), 10.

35. Reported in NYT (14 May 1954), 5; and ‘Experts Analyse Effects of Atomic Explosions’, Times (22 June 1954), 6.

36. Eugene J. Sleevi, ‘Civil Defense News’, BAS , 10 (May 1954), 172.

37. ‘The Hydrogen Bomb’, Times (12 Apr. 1954), 9.

38. ‘The Hydrogen Bomb’, Times (10 Apr. 1954), 7.

39. Quoted in John MacCormac, ‘Scientist Labels H-Bomb as “Crazy”’, NYT (14 May 1954), 5.

40. Strauss, quoted in ‘H-Bomb Tests End; Called a Success’, NYT (14 May 1954), 5.

41. Thomson, quoted in ‘Cobalt Bomb “Absurd as Weapon”’, Times (10 June 1954), 3.

42. Russell, quoted in ‘1954– Portrait of the Year’, Times (1 Jan. 1955), 11.

43. ibid.

44. Hahn, quoted in ‘German Scientist’s Broadcast’, Times (16 Feb. 1955),

45. ‘End of World Seen with a Cobalt Bomb’, NYT (21 Feb. 1955), 12.

46. ‘The Moral Crisis’, editorial, Times (14 Mar. 1955), 9.

47. ‘Hydrogen Bomb Devastation’, Times (16 Feb. 1955), 8.

48. James Arnold, ‘Fall-out Hazard’, BAS , 11 (Feb. 1955), 52.

49. Ralph E. Lapp, ‘Global Fallout’, BAS , 11 (Nov. 1955), 339–43.

50. Harrison E. Salisbury, ‘Stevenson Asks Eisenhower Policy on Cobalt Bomb’, NYT (27 Oct. 1956), 14.

51. Allen Drury, ‘Butler and Hall Predict Victory’, NYT (29 Oct. 1956), 24.

52. ‘Atom Radiation Level “Low”’, Times (21 Apr. 1955), 6.

53. Dyson, in ‘Project Orion’ (BBC4 TV, 2002).

54. Ernest B. Schoedsack, dir., Dr Cyclops (Paramount, 1940).

55. John and Roy Boulting, dirs., Seven Days to Noon (London Films, 1950).

56. Christian Nyby, dir., The Thing from Another World (RKO, 1951). This film is often referred to as just The Thing .

57. Frederic Brown, ‘The Weapon’ (1951); in Gregory Benford and Martin Harry Greenberg, eds., Nuclear War (New York: Ace Books, 1988), 49–52.

58. Albert Camus, ‘After Hiroshima: Between Hell and Reason’, Combat (8 Aug. 1945); trans. by Ronald E. Santoni published in Philosophy Today (Spring 1988); quoted in Bird and Lifschultz, 260–61.

59. Lewis Mumford, ‘Gentlemen: You Are Mad!’, Saturday Review of Literature (2 Mar. 1946); quoted in Bird and Lifschultz, 284–7.

60. J. G. Ballard, ‘The Terminal Beach’ ( New Worlds , Mar. 1964); in James Gunn, ed., The Road to Science Fiction , vol. 3: From Heinlein to Here (New York: Mentor, 1979), here 345, 357.

61. Editorial, NYT (12 Aug. 1945); in Geddes, 162.

62. Michael Avallone, Beneath the Planet of the Apes (New York: Bantam, 1970), 109, 76.

63. H. G. Wells, Mind at the End of Its Tether (London: Heinemann, 1945); quoted in Michael Coren, The Invisible Man: The Life and Liberties of H. G. Wells (London: Bloomsbury, 1993), 222.