Ричард Грант - Англійська мова. Теорія і практика. Вживання часів

Past Simple використовується, коли дії відбуваються в хронологічному порядку, а Past Perfect – коли потрібно показати, яка дія відбулося першою, раніше інших дій.

He started the car, turned the radio on and fastened the seat belt. – Він завів машину, включив радіо і пристебнув ремінь безпеки.

Дії описуються в хронологічному порядку: спочатку він завів машину, потім включив радіо і пристебнув ремінь безпеки.

He started the car, turned the radio on, but before he had fastened the seat belt. – Він завів машину, включив радіо, але перед цим пристебнув ремінь безпеки.

Дії описуються не в хронологічному порядку: спочатку він пристебнув ремінь безпеки, а потім завів машину і включив радіо.

Часто в подібних реченнях використовується слово when (коли) .

When I got home, my son took my car. – Коли я прийшов додому, мій син взяв у мене машину.

When I got home, I found that my son had taken my car. – Коли я прийшов додому, я виявив, що мій син взяв мою машину.

Якщо з контексту зрозуміло, що одна дія відбулася раніше іншої, можна використовувати як Past Perfect, так i Past Simple. Часто зрозуміти контекст і черговість подій допомагають наступні слова-маркери: before (перед тим як, до того як), after (після того як), first (спершу, спочатку), as soon as (відразу після того як; як тільки) , earlier (раніше) i iншi.

I didn’t worry about speaking in front of so many people. I gave public speeches earlier. – Я не переживав щодо виступу перед великою кількістю людей. Я і раніше виступав на публіці.

I didn’t worry about speaking in front of so many people. I had given public speeches earlier. – Я не переживав щодо виступу перед великою кількістю людей. Я і раніше виступав на публіці.

Вправа 38

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Past Simple або Past Perfect.

1. When the police … ( to arrive), we already … ( to catch) the thief. 2. Tom ( to return) from the cinema at five o’clock. 3. By two o’clock the teacher ( to examine) all the students. 4. Jack … ( to finish) the test before the bell … ( to ring). 5. Tom ( to return) from the cinema by five o’clock. 6. On my way to school I ( to remember) that I ( to leave) my report at home. 7. When Anna … ( to come) to say good-night, her children already … ( to fall) asleep. 8. I ( to finish) my homework at seven o’clock. 9. My friends ( to be) glad to hear that I ( to pass) all the exams successfully. 10. Scott already … ( to prepare) the dinner when her husband … ( to get) home from work. 11. I ( to finish) my homework by seven o’clock. 12. Poor Oliver ( to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes ( to leave) him. 13. When Brad and Susan … ( to get) married, they … ( to know) each other for 3 years. 14. He ( to think) that he ( to lose) the money. 15. Mary ( to tell) us that she ( to cook) a good dinner.

Вправа 39

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Past Simple або Past Perfect.

1. He ( to open) his eyes, ( to look) around and ( to try) to remember what ( to happen) to him. 2. She … ( not to enjoy) the film because she … ( to read) the book before. 3. Ann ( to tell) me that she ( to see) an interesting film. 4. All the passengers ( to see) at once that the old man ( to travel) a great deal in his life. 5. Our apartment … ( to be) in a mess because I … ( to have) a birthday party the night before. 6. When I ( to come) home, mother already ( to cook) dinner. 7. By the time we ( to come) to see him, he ( to return) home. 8. We … ( not to go) to a restaurant because we … ( to spend) all our money on clothes. 9. When father ( to return) from work, we already ( to do) our homework. 10. During the holidays my friend ( to visit) the village where he ( to live) in his childhood. 11. Mary … ( can’t go skating) after she … ( to break) her leg. 12. When the teacher ( to enter) the classroom, the pupils already ( to open) their books. 13. When they ( to enter) the hall, the performance already ( to begin). 14. Larry … ( to be) late because he … ( to get) stuck in a traffic jam. 15. Kate ( to give) me the book which she ( to buy) the day before. 16. Yesterday I ( to find) the book which I ( to lose) in summer.

Вправа 40

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Past Simple або Past Perfect.

1. When I came home, my mother ( to tell) me that she ( to receive) a letter from grandfather. 2. Nick ( to show) the teacher the picture which he ( to draw). 3. Where you ( to work) before you ( to go) to university? 4. The boy ( to give) the goats the grass which he ( to bring) from the field. 5. He ( to know) French before he ( to visit) France. 6. Mother ( to see) that Nick ( not to wash) his hands. 7. Lanny ( to say) that he ( to get) his education in Cape Town. 8. The teacher ( to understand) that Lena ( not to do) her homework. 9. The boy ( to want) to act the main part in the play because he ( to organize) the theatre. 10. I ( to know) that my friend ( not yet to come). 11. Lanny ( not to know) who ( to attack) him in the darkness. 12. When I ( to wake) up yesterday, father already ( to go) to work. 13. The girl ( to be) glad that she ( to find) a seat near the window. 14. Nick ( to think) that his father ( not yet to come) home. 15. Suddenly he ( to remember) that he ( not to ring) her up in the morning. 16. When we ( to come) to the station, the train already ( to leave).