Елена Васильева: English grammar: 100 main rules

Fractional Numerals

Common fraction

The numerator is a cardinal number; the denominator is an ordinal number.

1/2 – one (a) half

1/3 – one (a) third

1/4 – one (a) quarter

1/5 – one (a) fifth

1/6 – one (a) sixth

If the numenator is more than one, then the denominator is used in plural.

2/3 – two thirds

3/4 – three quarters

5/6 – five sixths

Decimal fraction

Each digit is pronounced separately.

25. 105 – two five point one nought five

0.746 – nought point seven four six

Operations with Numerals

1. Addition

1+2=3 – one plus two is (equals) three; 1, 2 – the addends, 3 – the sum

2. Subtraction

3–2=1 – three minus two is (makes) one; 3 – the minuend, 2 – the subtrahend, 1 – the difference

3. Multiplication

3*2=6 – three multiplied by two/twice three is six; 3 – the multiplicand, 2 – the multiplier, 6 – the product

4. Division

6:2=3 – six divided by two is three; 6 – the dividend, 2 – the divisor, 3 – the quotient

Syntactical Functions of Numerals

1. Attribute

Do you know thesevenwonders? This is Andrew'sthirdtrip abroad.

2. Subject

Four of themdidn't join us.

2004, 2008and2012are leap years.

3. Predicative

They werethe first.

It'sfiveo'clock.

4. Object

How many apples has he eaten? He's eatenthree.

Show me thosetwo,please.

Note

Intensive pronouns do not substitute nouns, but intensify their meaning.

You must make that choiceyourself.

Andrew repaired the bikehimself.

We want to go thereourselves.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point to a certain object or person that can be either near or far in distance or time.

Note

1) Attribute

Thissituation is incredible.

We metthatman on the station.

Would you quit your job underthesecircumstances?

Thoseshoes were so cute!

Thatgirl hassuch avoice!

Suchrules usually take effect.

They work atthe samedepartment.

Why are you asking metheverysamequestions?

It's possible to use demonstrative pronouns before the word one.

These apples are sweeter thanthose ones.

Andrew is an intelligent young man. Yes, he issuch one.

That'sthe same oneI've been looking for!

The demostrative pronoun may be positioned before the adjective that refers to the same noun.

This prettygirl is my sister.

What arethese strangeconclusions?

It'ssuch a wonderfullife.

It's alwaysthe same oldstory.

2) The demonstrative pronoun can also be used in place of nouns.

– Subject

Thismust not continue.

Thosewere the days.

– Object

Will you takethis?

Don't tell themthat.

Andrew can't work withthose.

some

– statements

I needsomeinformation about language courses.

Someof the m istakes were silly.

– offers and suggestions

Would you likesometea?

Shall I bringsomerefreshments?

– requests

Where can I getsomepaper?

Could you give ussomeexamples?

any

– negative sentences

Olivia didn't knowanyof them.