Гэри Пизано - Креативное созидание

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National Science Foundation, "Science & Engineering Indicators, 2016," https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsb20161/#/report/chapter-4/recent.-trends-in-u-s-r-d-performance; PwC, "Corporate R&D Spending Hits. Record High for Top 1000, Despite Concerns of Economic Protectionism," press release, October 24, 2017, https://www.pwc.com/us/en/press-releases/2017/corporate-rd-spending-hits-record-highs-for-the-top-1000.html; Industrial Research Institute, "2017 Global R&D Forecast," supplement, R&D Magazine, 7.

KPMG, "2017 Global Venture Capital Investment Hits Decade High of $155 Billion Following a Strong Q4: KPMG Venture Pulse," press release, January 18, 2018, https://www.home.kpmg.com/sg/en/home/media/press-releases/2018/01/kpmg-venture-pulse-q4-2017.html.

Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942; London: Routledge, 1994), 82–83.

Joseph A. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939).

К важнейшим исследованиям по этой теме относятся: William Abernathy and Kim Clark, "Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction," Research Policy 14 (1985): 3–22; Michael L. Tushman and Philip Anderson, "Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments," Administrative Science Quarterly 31, no. 3 (1986): 439–465; Rebecca M. Henderson and Kim B. Clark, "Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms," Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no. 1 (1990): 9–30; Clayton Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).

Andrew Baum, Peter Verdult, C. C. Chugbo, et al., "Pharmaceuticals: Exit Research and Create Value," Morgan Stanley Research, January 20, 2010.

Для ознакомления с обзором статистических исследований по этой теме см. Wesley Cohen, "Fifty Years of Empirical Studies of Innovative Activity and Performance," in Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, ed. B. H. Hall and N. Rosenberg, 129–213 (Amsterdam: North Holland Elsevier, 2010).

Для ознакомления с описанием исследования см. Gary Pisano, Science Business: The Promise, Reality, and Future of Biotech (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006).

См. Tushman and Anderson, "Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments"; Abernathy and Clark "Innovation"; and later Christensen, Innovator's Dilemma.

Существует масса замечательных историй об IBM 360. Например, см. Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark, Design Rules: The Power of Modularity – Volume (Boston: MIT Press, 1990). См. также IBM Archives, https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR360.html.

"Fortune 500 Archive, 1964 Full List," Fortune, https://www.archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/1964/.

Fortune 500 2007, Fortune, http://fortune.com/fortune500/2007/.

"Fortune 500 Archive, 2004 Full List," Fortune, https://www.archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/2004/301.html.

Amazon: Financials, Yahoo Finance, accessed April 4, 2018, https://www.finance.yahoo.com/quote/AMZN/financials?p=AMZN.

Alphabet, Fortune 500, April 6, 2018, https://www.fortune.com/fortune500/alphabet/.

Trefis.com, "Total Revenue of Johnson & Johnson Worldwide from 2012 to 2024 (in Billion U.S. Dollars)," accessed March 29, 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/258392/total-revenue-of-johnson-und-johnson-worldwide/.

Top Companies Globally by Revenue," April 6, 2018, Capital IQ, Inc., a division of Standard & Poor's; "Johnson & Johnson," Fortune 500, Fortune, April 2, 2018, https://www.fortune.com/fortune500/johnson-johnson/; PwC, "Global Top 100 Companies by Market Capitalization," March 31,2017, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/audit-services/assets/pdf/global-top-100-companies-2017-final.pdf.

Johnson & Johnson, Form 10-K 2017, p. 1, accessed March 2018, https://www.files.shareholder.com/downloads/JNJ/6058290261x0xS200406%2D18%2D5/200406/filing.pdf.

Johnson & Johnson, Form 10-K 2017, p. 14. Johnson & Johnson's expenditure on research and development from 2005 to 2017, https://www.statista.com/statistics/266407/research-and-development-expenditure-of-johnson-and-johnson-since-2006/(accessed March 29, 2018).

Johnson & Johnson, Form 10-K 2017, p. 1.

На основе проведенного автором анализа 4012 компаний с выручкой более $1 млрд. 2 апреля 2018, Capital IQ, Inc., подразделение Standard & Poor's. По данным базы данных Global 5000, содержащей информацию о крупнейших мировых компаниях по размеру выручки, 4455 компаний имеют годовую выручку более 1 млрд долл. Global 5000, 2 апреля 2018, https://www.theglobal5000.com/about/.

Jeff Bezos, letter to the shareholders, 2015, Amazon.com, p. 2.

Nitin Noria and Michael Beer, "Cracking the Code of Change," Harvard Business Review, May/June 2000.

James G. March, "Exploration Versus Exploitation in Organizational Learning," Organization Science 2, no. 1 (February 1991): 71–87.

О дилемме «исследование vs эксплуатация» см. Charles O'Reilly and Michael Tushman, Lead and Disrupt: How to Solve the Innovator's Dilemma (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2016).

См. Sara Moeller, Frederick Schlingemann, and Rene Stulz, "Do Shareholders of Acquiring Firms Gain from Acquisitions," NBER working paper no. 9523; Boston Consulting Group, "A Brave New World of M&A: How to Create Value from Mergers and Acquisitions," July 2007.

На проблему выбора между исследованием и использованием впервые обратил внимание Джеймс Марч, "Exploration in Organizational Learning."