Peter Pomerantsev - This Is Not Propaganda

Interview with Igor Ashmanov, ‘I Packed My Gun with Data’, Rossiijskaja Gazeta, 23 May 2013; https://rg.ru/2013/05/23/ashmanov.html.

Ibid.

@znak_com, ‘Власть не может поверить, что люди добровольно вышли против пенсионной реформы. На митинги их согнал ужасный твиттер, который подсовывает Навального’, Twitter, 14 September 2018, 5.53 a.m.; https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1040584225236373504.

‘Igor Ashmanov: Freedom of Speech Is an Illusion That Is Part of the Information War’, 5 June 2013; http://z-filez.info/story/igor-ashmanov-%E2%80%9Csvoboda-slova-%E2%80%93-eto-takaya-illyuziya-kotoraya-yavlyaetsya-chastyu-informatsionn.

‘И Ашманов Свобода слова как инструмент’, YouTube, uploaded by Khnar Film, 25 December 2018; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb6fqc02vt0.

Interview with Igor Ashmanov, ‘I Packed My Gun with Data’.

Interview with Igor Ashmanov, ibid.

Foot, Rosemary, ‘The Cold War and Human Rights’, in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Eds), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. III (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 445–8.

Lakoff, George, Don’t Think of an Elephant (Hartford, VT: Chelsea Green, 2014).

Atlantic Council – Digital Forensic Research Lab, ‘Question That: RT’s Military Mission’, Medium, 8 January 2017; https://medium.com/dfrlab/question-that-rts-military-mission-4c4bd9f72c88.

Kofman, Michael, ‘The Moscow School of Hard Knocks: Key Pillars of Russian Strategy’, War on the Rocks, 27 January 2017; https://warontherocks.com/2017/01/the-moscow-school-of-hard-knocks-key-pillars-of-russian-strategy/.

Bērziņš, Jānis, ‘Russia’s New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy’, National Defense Academy of Latvia, Center for Security and Strategic Research (2014).

A good resource for Kremlin influence campaigns in Ukraine is https://www.stopfake.org/en/news/.

‘Disinfo News: The Kremlin’s Many Versions of the MH17 Story’, StopFake, 29 May 2018; https://www.stopfake.org/en/disinfo-news-the-kremlin-s-many-versions-of-the-mh17-story/.

Hill, Thomas M., ‘Is the U.S. Serious about Countering Russia’s Information War on Democracies?’, 21 November 2017; https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/11/21/is-the-u-s-serious-about-countering-russias-information-war-on-democracies/.

Website of Andrey Shtal: https://www.stihi.ru/avtor/shtal.

Amos, Howard, ‘“There Was Heroism and Cruelty on Both Sides”: The Truth Behind One of Ukraine’s Deadliest Days’, Guardian, 30 April 2015; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/30/there-was-heroism-and-cruelty-on-both-sides-the-truth-behind-one-of-ukraines-deadliest-days.

Ennis, Stephen, ‘Vladimir Danchev: The Broadcaster Who Defied Moscow’, BBC Monitoring, 8 March 2014; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26472906(last accessed 25 August 2017).

‘A Nuclear Disaster That Brought Down an Empire’, The Economist, 26 April 2016; https://www.economist.com/europe/2016/04/26/a-nuclear-disaster-that-brought-down-an-empire.

Radio interview for BBC Russian Service, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 11 July 1988; https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107072.

Ibid.

PolitiFact, ‘Donald Trump’s File’, www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump(accessed 20 July 2016); PolitiFact, ‘Hillary Clinton’s File’, www.politifact.com/personalities/hillary-clinton(accessed 20 July 2016).

BBC Breadth of Opinion Review; http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/breadth_opinion/content_analysis.pdf.

BBC News, ‘Kremlin’s Chief Propagandist Accuses Western Media of Bias’, 23 June 2016; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36551391.

Yaffa, Joshua, ‘Dmitry Kiselev Is Redefining the Art of Russian Propaganda’, New Republic, 1 July 2014; https://newrepublic.com/article/118438/dmitry-kiselev-putins-favorite-tv-host-russias-top-propogandist.

Balmforth, Tom, ‘Gene Warfare? Russia Raises Eyebrows’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 3 November 2017; https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-biological-warfare-accusations-raise-eyebrows-lawsuit/28834069.html.

Lomsadze, Giorgi, ‘Does the US Have a Secret Germ Warfare Lab on Russia’s Doorstep?’, Coda Story, 19 April 2018; https://codastory.com/disinformation/information-war/does-the-us-have-a-secret-germ-warfare-lab-on-russias-doorstep/.

See also EU Versus Disinfo website, which tracks disinformation and has an archive of stories: https://euvsdisinfo.eu. For example, https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/ukraine-asked-the-united-states-to-spread-the-ebola-virus/; https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/there-is-a-secret-laboratory-near-kharkiv-where-ukrainians-with/.

Ferraris, Maurizio, Introduction to New Realism (London, UK: Bloomsbury, 2014).

Roy, Deb, ‘The Spread of True and False Information Online’, MIT Media Lab; https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/the-spread-of-false-and-true-info-online/overview/.

Lewis, Paul, ‘“Fiction Is Outperforming Reality”: How YouTube’s Algorithm Distorts Truth’, Guardian, 2 February 2018; https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/02/how-youtubes-algorithm-distorts-truth.

Zollo, F., P. K. Novak et al., ‘Emotional Dynamics in the Age of Misinformation’, PLoS ONE, 10(9): e0138740 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138740.

Brodsky, Joseph, ‘A Commencement Address’, New York Review of Books, 16 August 1984; https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1984/08/16/a-commencement-address/.

Judt, Tony, ‘From Military Disaster to Moral High Ground’, New York Times, 7 October 2007; https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/opinion/07judt.html.

Schmidt, Brian C. and Michael C. Williams, ‘The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War: Neoconservatives Versus Realists’, Security Studies, 17(2), pp. 191–220 (2008); https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636410802098990.

‘In Bush’s Words: “Iraqi Democracy Will Succeed”’, New York Times, 6 November 2003; https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/06/politics/in-bushs-words-iraqi-democracy-will-succeed.html.

Boym, Svetlana, Nostalgia and Its Discontents, https://agora8.org/SvetlanaBoym_Nostalgia/.

Tarabay, Jamie, ‘For Many Syrians, the Story of the War Began with Graffiti in Dara’a’, CNN, 15 March 2018; https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/15/middleeast/daraa-syria-seven-years-on-intl/index.html.

For more on language in Assad’s Syria, see Lisa Wedeen’s great book Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1999).