Sheri Fink - War Hospital

Photographs taken by MSF staff members in aftermath of April 12, 1993, shelling attack.

PAGE 168 “I will never be able to convey the sheer horror… ” Unpublished internal UNHCR situation report by Louis Gentile, April 14, 1993.

PAGE 171 I then thought about my Serb friends… Hollingworth, Merry Christmas Mr. Larry, pp. 215–216.

PAGE 172 Fierce condemnation rings from many corners. “U.N. officials outraged over Serb shelling of civilians; Balkans: Death toll in Srebrenica nears 60. Convoys evacuate almost 1,000 refugees,” Carol J. Williams, Los Angeles Times, April 14, 1993.

PAGE 174 In the United States… “‘The CNN effect’: TV playing extraordinary role in setting national agenda,” Matthew C. Vita, Cox News Service, Houston Chronicle, May 7, 1993. The article cites data of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, also comparing Bosnia coverage with that of the Clinton economic policy, Middle East, crisis in Russia, Waco (Waco crisis lasted from February 28–April 19), and the U.S. bombing in Iraq. Includes U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s criticism that the media are being selective, ignoring such places as Afghanistan.

Dr. Sead Ahmetagić, Sadik Ahmetović, Dr. Louisa Chan-Boegli, Dr. Eric Dachy, Dr. Radomir Davidović, Larry Hollingworth, Fatima Klempić-Dautbašić, Dr. Boro Lazić, Sanja Lazić, Dr. Mehdin Hadžiselimović, Danijela Lazić, Hakija Meholjić, Dr. Nedret Mujkanović, Dr. Miroslav Oprić, Dr. Lazer Prodanović, General Hazim šadić, Chuck Sudetic, Hans Ulens

Agence France-Presse, November 3, 1991 (“At least 25 dead in new violence in Croatia”), November 21, 1993, November 28, 1993 (“Bosnian Serbs attack on several fronts : radio”); BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 10, 1992 (“Bosnia-Hercegovina in brief; Fifth Serbian autonomous region set up in Bosnia-Hercegovina,” Yugoslav News Agency), April 30, 1993 (“Bodies of 19 reportedly massacred Serbs exhumed in Bosanski Brod,” Yugoslav Telegraph Service); Duizings, History, Memory and Politics in Eastern Bosnia, Chapter 3 (for history of šekovići); The Economist, April 4, 1992 (“Bosnia and Hercegovina; All mixed up”); Glasgow Herald, April 20, 1993 (article by Laura Pitter); The Guardian, April 19, 1993 (article by Ian Traynor); Ivanisevic, Hronika, pp. 51–52, 82–83, 172–173, 179–180, 294–305; Maass, Love Thy Neighbor, pp. 242–247; Newsday, May 10, 1993 (“From Bosnia to Bianca, Jagger saves dying child from war zone,” by Gale Scott); New York Times, April 21, 1993 (article by Chuck Sudetic), April 24, 1993 (“Conflict in the Balkans; a view of the Bosnia war from the Srebrenica Hospital’s O.R.,” by Chuck Sudetic); Orić, Srebrenica, p. 165 (final battle for Srebrenica before safe area declared); Mašić, Srebrenica, pp. 63, 100, 124, 138; Sudetic, Blood and Vengeance, p. 157; Washington Post, April 23, 1993. (“Binding Up the Wounds; Bosnian Surgeon Recounts Life Under Siege” by Peter Maass).

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, “The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Dragan Nikolić,” Case IT-94-2-PT. Second amended indictment, January 2, 2002 (Commander of the Sušica camp in Vlasenica, arrested April 20, 2000, original indictment was November 4, 1994). International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case IT-01-51-I, Bosnia and Herzegovina initial indictment,” November 22, 2001, “The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Slobodan Milošević”; International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case IT-98-33, indictment October 27, 1999, “The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Vinko Pandurević”; UN document UN-S/1994/548 (details of September 1992 Podravanje offensive from Serb side). Census figures for šekovići and Vlasenica are from the March 31, 1991, census, “Statistićki bilten” No. 234, DZS BiH, Sarajevo, as presented by the Bosnian Congress USA, http://www.hdmagazine.com/bosnia/census.html (accessed 3/4/03) and Den Krieg Uberleben (Bonn, Germany) http://refugees.atvirtual.net/de/1991/buh_1991.html (accessed 3/4/03). UN document S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. IV) 28 December 1994: Final Report of the UN Commission of Experts on the former Yugoslavia, Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Volume 4, Annex 8, Section 85 (Vlasenica).

The film Death of Yugoslavia, Part V (footage of Elie Wiesel at Holocaust Memorial opening, April 22, 1993).

PAGE 182 Slowly, the barrage of media stories about atrocities against Serbs… An independent Serbian journalist, Miloš Vasić, wrote in the March 15, 1993, New Yorker that it was as if all television in the United States had been taken over by the Ku Klux Klan. “You too would have war in five years.”

PAGE 197 Boro and Nedret continue to plan meetings… The date that the negotiations ended is remembered inexactly and somewhat differently by Nedret and Boro, and I have no supporting documentation on the negotiations. There was a major Serb offensive in the area (Teočak) that began about November 18, 1993. A smaller offensive had been rebuffed on June 16, 1993.

Danijela Cerović, Muriel Cornelis, Dr. Eric Dachy, Dr. Martin De Smet, Judith Kumin, Hans Ulens

Atlanta Constitution, July 1, 1993 (about sanitation situation in Srebrenica); Malcolm, Bosnia, pp. 250–1 (the end to the air strike threat in 1993); The New York Times, April 26, 1993 (“U.N. visitors say Srebrenica is ‘an open jail’,” by Paul Lewis)

Eric Dachy’s unpublished recollections.

Unpublished memo of the MSF Yugoslavia Task Force dated April 16, 1993, details what Eric’s colleagues believed he was thinking in the days before Srebrenica’s demilitarization agreement.

U.N. Security Council Resolutions pertaining to Srebrenica: SRES 819, April 16, 1993 (text of U.N. Security Council Resolution designated Srebrenica a “safe area”), SRES 824 May 6, 1993 (established six “safe areas” in Bosnia), SRES 836, June 4, 1993 (invoked Chapter 7 of U.N. charter to extend UNPROFOR’s mandate to peace enforcement, giving it qualified authorization to use force to “deter attacks” and authorizing U.N. member states to support U.N. forces militarily), SRES 844, June 18, 1993 (authorized additional 7,600 troops for UNPROFOR). Also, text of the discussions prior to adoption of these Resolutions. Other U.N. documents: S/25800 May 19, 1993 (text of French report to the Security Council about safe areas).

MSF documents: Unpublished report of MSF anesthesiologist Dr. Norbert Scholzen. Copy of letter dated May 1, 1993, from Eric Dachy to Diego Arria. Copy of a draft of letter dated May 1, 1993, from Eric Dachy to Radovan Karadžić.

Unpublished internal MSF situation reports of Hans Ulens, June 16 and 27, 1993 (about water situation). Urgent message from Hans Ulens to Eric Dachy May 26, 1993 (warning that Srebrenica may fall without water). Other internal unpublished MSF reports and cables about water situation including MSF Srebrenica activity report covering July–October 1993. Unpublished MSF mission report by Stefaan Maddens. Unpublished internal communications (faxes) between Eric Dachy and representatives of MSF Holland about Goražde and other coordination issues dated June 17, 18, and 22, 1993.