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Eli Pariser - The Filter Bubble

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Название:
The Filter Bubble
Автор:
Eli Pariser
Издательство:
The Penguin Press
Жанр:
Публицистика / Интернет / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-1-101-51512-9
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The Filter Bubble: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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An eye-opening account of how the hidden rise of personalization on the Internet is controlling—and limiting—the information we consume. In December 2009, Google began customizing its search results for each user. Instead of giving you the most broadly popular result, Google now tries to predict what you are most likely to click on. According to MoveOn.org board president Eli Pariser, Google’s change in policy is symptomatic of the most significant shift to take place on the Web in recent years—the rise of personalization. In this groundbreaking investigation of the new hidden Web, Pariser uncovers how this growing trend threatens to control how we consume and share information as a society—and reveals what we can do about it.
Though the phenomenon has gone largely undetected until now, personalized filters are sweeping the Web, creating individual universes of information for each of us. Facebook—the primary news source for an increasing number of Americans—prioritizes the links it believes will appeal to you so that if you are a liberal, you can expect to see only progressive links. Even an old-media bastion like
devotes the top of its home page to a news feed with the links your Facebook friends are sharing. Behind the scenes a burgeoning industry of data companies is tracking your personal information to sell to advertisers, from your political leanings to the color you painted your living room to the hiking boots you just browsed on Zappos.
In a personalized world, we will increasingly be typed and fed only news that is pleasant, familiar, and confirms our beliefs—and because these filters are invisible, we won’t know what is being hidden from us. Our past interests will determine what we are exposed to in the future, leaving less room for the unexpected encounters that spark creativity, innovation, and the democratic exchange of ideas.
While we all worry that the Internet is eroding privacy or shrinking our attention spans, Pariser uncovers a more pernicious and far-reaching trend on the Internet and shows how we can—and must—change course. With vivid detail and remarkable scope,
reveals how personalization undermines the Internet’s original purpose as an open platform for the spread of ideas and could leave us all in an isolated, echoing world.

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52–53 “these documents are forgeries”:Peter Wallsten, “‘Buckhead,’ Who Said CBS Memos Were Forged, Is a GOP-Linked Attorney,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 18, 2004, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002039080_buckhead18.html.

53 “We should not have used them”:Associated Press, “CBS News Admits Bush Documents Can’t Be Verified,” Sept. 21, 2004, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6055248/ns/politics.

54 paying attention to the story: The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2004 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), http://books.google.com/books?id=uqqp-sDCjo4C&pg=PA392&lpg=PA392&dq=public+opinion+poll+on+dan+rather+controversy&source=bl&ots=CPGu03cpsn&sig=9XT-li8ar2GOXxfVQWCcGNHIxTg&hl=en&ei=uw_7TLK9OMGB8gb3r72ACw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=public%20opinion%20poll%20on%20dan%20rather%20controversy&f=true.

54 “a crisis in journalism”:Lippmann, Liberty and the News, 64.

56 at this point that newspapers came to carry:This section was informed by the wonderful Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books, 1978).

57 “They goose-stepped it”:Lippmann, Liberty and the News , 4.

57 “what [the average citizen] shall know”:Ibid., 7.

58 “distinctive member of a community”:John Dewey, Essays, Reviews, and Miscellany, 1939–1941, The Later Works of John Dewey, 1925–1953, vol. 2 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984), 332.

59 calls the 2000s the disintermediation decade:Jon Pareles, “A World of Megabeats and Megabytes,” New York Times, Dec. 30, 2009, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/arts/music/03tech.html.

59 Disintermediation —the elimination of middlemen:Dave Winer, Dec. 7, 2005, Dave Winer’s blog, Scripting News , accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://scripting.com/2005/12/07.html#.

59 “It sucks power out of the center”:Esther Dyson, “Does Google Violate Its ‘Don’t Be Evil’ Motto?,” Intelligence Squared US. Debate between Esther Dyson, Siva Vaidhyanathan, Harry Lewis, Randal C. Picker, Jim Harper, and Jeff Jarvis (New York, NY) Nov. 18, 2008, accessed Feb. 7, 2011, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97216369.

60 the Latin for “middle layer”:Hat tip to Clay Shirky for introducing me to this fact in his conversation with Jay Rosen. Clay Shirky interview by Jay Rosen, video, chap. 5 “Why Study Media?” NYU Primary Sources (New York, NY), 2011, accessed Feb 9, 2011, http://nyuprimarysources.org/video-library/jay-rosen-and-clay-shirky/.

61 “many wresting power from the few”:Lev Grossman, “Time’s Person of the Year: You,” Time, Dec. 13, 2006, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html.

61 “did not eliminate intermediaries”:Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 70.

62 “It will remember what you know”:Danny Sullivan, “Google CEO Eric Schmidt on Newspapers & Journalism,” Search Engine Land, Oct. 3, 2009, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://searchengineland.com/google-ceo-eric-schmidt-on-newspapers-journalism-27172.

62 “bringing the content to the right group”:“Krishna Bharat Discusses the Past and Future of Google News,” Google News blog, June 15, 2010, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://googlenewsblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/krishna-bharat-discusses-past-and.html.

62 “We pay attention”:Ibid.

63 “most important, their social circle”:Ibid.

63 “make it available to publishers”:Ibid.

63 Americans lost more faith in news:“Press Accuracy Rating Hits Two Decade Low; Public Evaluations of the News Media: 1985–2009,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Sept. 13, 2009, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://people-press.org/report/543/.

64 “ New York Times and some random blogger”:Author’s interview with Yahoo News executive. Sept. 22, 2010. This interview was conducted in confidence.

65 unplugging from cable TV offerings:Erick Schonfeld, “Estimate: 800,000 U.S. Households Abandoned Their TVs for the Web,” TechCrunch blog, Apr. 13, 2010, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2010/04/13/800000-households-abandoned-tvs-web; “Cable TV Taking It on the Chin,” www.freemoneyfinance.com/2010/11/cable-tv-taking-it-on-the-chin.html; and Peter Svensson, “Cable Subscribers Flee, but Is Internet to Blame?” http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Cable-subscribers-flee-but-is-apf-3875814716.html?x=0.

65 “change the ad industry forever”:“Google Vice President: Online Video and TV Will Converge,” June 25, 2010, Appmarket.tv, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.appmarket.tv/news/160-breaking-news/440-google-vice-president-online-video-and-tv-will-converge.html.

66 know people who live near us:Bill Bishop, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 35.

67 “watch television to turn your brain off”:Jason Snell, “Steve Jobs on the Mac’s 20th Anniversary,” Macworld, Feb. 2, 2004, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.macworld.com/article/29181/2004/02/themacturns20jobs.html.

67 thirty-six hours a week:“Americans Using TV and Internet Together 35% More Than a Year Ago,” nielsenwire, Mar. 22, 2010, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/three-screen-report-q409.

68 quit channel surfing far more quickly:Paul Klein, as quoted in Marcus Prior, Post-Broadcast Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 39.

68 like your own personal TV channel:“YouTube Leanback Offers Effortless Viewing,” YouTube blog, July 7, 2010, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, http://youtube-global.blogspot.com/2010/07/youtube-leanback-offers-effortless.html.

69 onto the Big Board, and you’re liable to get a raise:Ben McGrath, “Search and Destroy: Nick Denton’s Blog Empire,” New Yorker, Oct. 18, 2010, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/18/101018fa_fact_mcgrath?currentPage=all.

70 “come to us for our judgment”:Jeremy Peters, “Some Newspapers, Tracking Readers Online, Shift Coverage,” New York Times, Sept. 5, 2010, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/business/media/06track.html.

71 gin up stories that will get clicks:Danna Harman, “In Chile, Instant Web Feedback Creates the Next Day’s Paper,” Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 1, 2004, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.csmonitor.com/2004/1201/p01s04-woam.html.

71 “creating content in response to audience insight”:Jeremy Peters, “At Yahoo, Using Searches to Steer News Coverage,” New York Times, July 5, 2010, accessed Dec. 11, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/media/05yahoo.html.

72 the newspaper’s most e-mailed stories:Jonah A. Berger and Katherine L. Milkman, “Social Transmission and Viral Culture,” Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series (Dec. 25, 2009): 2.