Ian Kershaw - The End

evacuation 340–41, 345

fall of (May 1945) 346, 349

food supplies 190, 191, 274, 288, 294, 318

foreign workers 226

Hitler in (Führer bunker) 243, 294, 336, 337, 339–40, 342, 345–7; his suicide (April 1945) 6, 11, 12, 118, 295, 339, 346

living conditions 189–91, 293, 294, 345

morale in 212, 258, 293–4, 344–5

Red Army advance on 168, 173, 174, 175, 250, 253, 293, 294, 300–302, 308, 315–21, 324; encirclement of 337–47

refugees in 184, 189–90, 192

Reich Chancellery building 24, 294; see also Hitler in above

suicides in (April 1945–on) 356, 357

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 6

Bernadotte, Count Folke, Himmler’s meetings with 283, 284, 329, 336

Bernau 302

Bitburg 66

Blaskowitz, Colonel-General Johannes 59, 253–4, 263, 299

as C-in-C in Netherlands 362, 363

Bochum 235, 297

Bohemia (part of former Czechoslovakia) 368, 369–70

Prague uprising (May 1945) 370

Red Army advance (May 1945) 370, 373–4

bombing, of German cities see Allied bombing raids

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 328

Bonn 254, 258

Bormann, Gerda (née Buch) (wife of Martin Bormann) 21, 90, 164, 242

Bormann, Martin 11, 20–22, 35, 38, 40, 51, 67, 138, 242

Manja Behrens as his mistress 21

character/personal appearance 21, 164, 337

children 21

criticism of 345

Dönitz as Reich President and 350, 351

Goebbels and 43, 317, 352; attempts to negotiate with Allies 352

Göring and 340

Himmler and 86; Volkssturm national militia founded by 86–8; see also Volkssturm

Hitler and 21, 89, 90, 242, 358, 392, 396; as Secretary to the Führer 21

Ley and 89

as Nazi Party administrative head 20–22, 40, 41, 42, 53, 75, 162, 215–16, 217–18, 319, 321

as Party Chancellery head 20–22, 40–44, 53, 75, 85, 89–91, 162, 211, 215–16, 217–19, 222–5, 241, 256, 264, 274, 279, 316, 319, 321, 337, 341, 392

sexual activities 21

his Special Action of the Party Chancellery speakers 256–8

Speer and 77, 78, 83

suicide (May 1945) 352, 356

Bosch, Werner 136

Brandenberger, General Erich 132

Brandt, Rudolf 210, 240

von Brauchitsch, Walther 32

Braun, Major Alois 343

Braun, Eva 345, 346

Braunschweig 297

Bremen 147, 299

Breslau 104, 105, 168, 172, 173, 194, 252

evacuation 182–3, 189, 192, 218

Hanke as Gauleiter 245, 262, 320–21; his escape from (May 1945) 321

Britain

Churchill government 7

Hess’s flight to 21

Hitler on 130

London 153, 236

British Army 54, 55, 70, 116, 121, 254, 255, 257, 271, 273, 297, 299, 352, 358, 366

21st Army Group 131

in Ardennes offensive 130, 131, 160

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, liberation of 329

in Italy 364

troop numbers 364

see also Allied invasion

Bromberg, punishment of Nazi functionaries in

216–17

Bruhn, Major-General Johannes 154

Buch, Gerda see Bormann, Gerda

Buch, Walter (father of Gerda Bormann) 21

Buchenwald concentration camp 330, 331, 335

Budapest 131, 252

Buhl, General Walter 45

building materials 136

building projects 24, 243, 244

Buissonville 160

Bulgaria 94

bureaucracy see administrative systems/bureaucracy

Burgdorf, General Wilhelm 197, 200

Busch, Field-Marshal Ernst 28, 366

Busse, General Theodor 251, 301, 302, 337, 368

Caen 55

Canadian Army 254, 297, 299

Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 328

Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 7, 50–51

casualty figures 376–7, 379

Allied 160; American 132, 156

in concentration camps see concentration camps

on death marches see death marches

German 20, 23, 41, 56, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 120, 131–2, 146, 148, 152, 160, 215, 247, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 300; in Allied bombing 191, 235, 236–40, 238, 379; Army officers 394; as Soviet prisoners of war 375; by suicide 356, 357; from Volkssturm 107

Hungarian 123, 262

Jews 123, 184, 185–6, 214, 230, 231–4, 328, 332–3, 335; deaths from disease 329–30

Polish 117, 123, 214; in Warsaw 93

Red Army 175, 252

see also execution

Celle 160, 299, 349

Chelmno death camp 214

Chemnitz 297

Cherbourg 54–5, 58

Chernyakhovsky, General Ivan 168, 173

Chuikov, General Vasily 174

Churchill, Sir Winston 7, 246, 296

on unconditional surrender, Allied demand for 387

civil defence 135, 162–3

civilian population

Allied bombing, effect on 121, 124, 125, 126, 142–3, 146, 148–52, 273, 275–6, 320–21

casualties see casualty figures

death marches, reaction to 333, 334–6

evacuation of see evacuation, of civilians

execution of 52, 224–5, 328; numbers of 225; for showing a white flag 323, 326

food supplies see food/water supplies

German Army, their hostility towards 261, 262

Hitler, allegiance to 11, 12, 13, 17–18, 20, 30–33, 51, 52, 71, 72–3, 150, 154–5, 192, 383–4; decline in 13–14, 18, 61, 65, 74, 101, 105, 122, 126–7, 150–51, 153, 154–5, 186, 191–2, 208, 212, 259, 260–61, 273–4, 291–2, 315, 317; reaction to his death 349–50, 355; see also Nazi regime below

living conditions see living conditions

in local militia see militia units

militarization of 392–3

morale see morale

Nazi Party’s control of 83–4, 88, 91, 96, 98, 105–6, 142, 145–6, 162–3, 180, 206, 207–8, 392–3; see also administrative systems

Nazi regime, support for 9, 10, 73–4, 207–8, 209, 210, 212–13, 239–40, 258–60, 261, 273–6; decline in 64–5, 68, 101, 104, 105, 107, 126–7, 150–51, 163, 190, 193–4, 195, 209, 213–14, 215–22, 258, 261, 312–13, 315; post-capitulation attitudes to 380–82; see also Hitler above

Red Army, their fear of 11, 12, 18, 91, 98–100, 105, 107, 108, 112–14, 117–18, 119, 120–22, 164–5, 177–84, 223–4, 270, 271, 273, 313, 324, 245, 349, 355, 356–8; see also Soviet Union below

Red Army’s treatment of 176–86; labour camps, deportation to 181

Soviet Union, fear/hatred of 70, 98–9, 120, 121–2, 222–3, 256, 271–2, 282, 306, 310, 349, 351, 362, 368, 372, 385; see also Red Army above

suicide among 177, 213, 215; post-April 1945 356–8

victims, post-capitulation view of themselves as 380–84

white flags displayed by 261, 262, 278, 314, 315, 323, 324, 325, 367; execution for 323, 326

women see women

coal supplies 80, 135, 137–9, 140, 141, 143, 205, 235, 244, 254, 275, 285, 344

see also power supplies

Coburg 297

Colmar 254

Cologne 59, 143, 227, 228

Allied bombing 148–9, 152, 235

armed insurrection 149, 228

fall of 254, 258, 318–19

communists/communism 70, 84, 227, 306, 317, 333, 344

see also Soviet Union

concentration camps 84, 123, 125, 228–35

death marches from/evacuation of see death marches

executions in 328, 329, 332–3; numbers of 332, 333, 335; German public reaction to 333, 334–6; see also numbers killed below

German demolition of 123, 228, 232

German public reaction to 333, 334–6; post-capitulation 380

guards 328, 329, 331–2, 333, 334; from SS 228, 229, 230, 332, 333–4

Himmler’s control of 119, 228, 229, 329, 330, 331; attempts to barter Jewish inmates for cash 229–30

in the ‘last phase’ 328, 329–36

liberation of 172, 230, 329, 330; German plan to liquidate inmates prior to 229, 230, 329–30