John Gaddis - George F. Kennan - An American Life

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Winner of the Pulitzer Prize Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award
Selected by
as a Notable Book of the Year
Drawing on extensive interviews with George Kennan and exclusive access to his archives, an eminent scholar of the Cold War delivers a revelatory biography of its troubled mastermind. In the late 1940s, George Kennan wrote two documents, the “Long Telegram” and the “X Article,” which set forward the strategy of containment that would define U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union for the next four decades. This achievement alone would qualify him as the most influential American diplomat of the Cold War era. But he was also an architect of the Marshall Plan, a prizewinning historian, and would become one of the most outspoken critics of American diplomacy, politics, and culture during the last half of the twentieth century. Now the full scope of Kennan’s long life and vast influence is revealed by one of today’s most important Cold War scholars.
Yale historian John Lewis Gaddis began this magisterial history almost thirty years ago, interviewing Kennan frequently and gaining complete access to his voluminous diaries and other personal papers. So frank and detailed were these materials that Kennan and Gaddis agreed that the book would not appear until after Kennan’s death. It was well worth the wait: the journals give this book a breathtaking candor and intimacy that match its century-long sweep.
We see Kennan’s insecurity as a Midwesterner among elites at Princeton, his budding dissatisfaction with authority and the status quo, his struggles with depression, his gift for satire, and his sharp insights on the policies and people he encountered. Kennan turned these sharp analytical gifts upon himself, even to the point of regularly recording dreams. The result is a remarkably revealing view of how this greatest of Cold War strategists came to doubt his strategy and always doubted himself.
This is a landmark work of history and biography that reveals the vast influence and rich inner landscape of a life that both mirrored and shaped the century it spanned.

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Schilling, Warner R. “The Politics of National Defense: Fiscal 1950.” In Warner R. Schilling, Paul Y. Hammond, and Glenn H. Snyder, eds., Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets . New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.

Trask, Roger R. “George F. Kennan’s Report on Latin America.” Diplomatic History 2 (Summer 1978), 307 11.

Urban, George. “From Containment to… Self-Containment: A Conversation with George F. Kennan.” Encounter 47 (September 1976), 10 43.

Wood, Gordon S. “All in the Family.” New York Review of Books , February 22, 2001.

Wright, C. Ben. “Mr. ‘X’ and Containment.” Slavic Review 35 (March 1976), 1 31.

INDEX

Abakumov, Viktor Semyonovich

Acheson, Dean

and atomic weapons

and Berlin

and China

and defense spending

and European unity

and Germany

and Kennan’s career

and Kennan’s lectures

and Kennan’s views on foreign affairs

and Kennan’s writings

and Korea

lectures by

and Marshall Plan

and Policy Planning Staff

Present at the Creation

as secretary of state

and Titoism

and Truman Doctrine

working style of

Adams, Brooks

Adams, Henry

Adams, John

Adams, John Quincy

Adams, Sherman

Adams, Ware

Adenauer, Konrad

Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of

Africa:

apartheid in

decolonization in

Kennans’ visit to

Air War College

Alaska

Albania

Albert Einstein Peace Prize

Alexander I, Tsar

Alliluyeva, Svetlana Iosifovna

Allison, John

Alsop, Joseph

Alsop, Stewart

American Academy of Arts and Letters

American Council on Germany

Andropov, Yuri

Anglo-Portuguese treaty (1373)

Arab-Israeli war (1967)

Arbatov, Georgi

Armacost, Michael

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

Armstrong, Hamilton Fish

Aron, Raymond

Atlantic, The

Atlantic Charter

Atomic Energy Commission

Attlee, Clement

Augustine, Saint, Confessions

Austin, Warren

Austria:

German annexation of

postwar occupation of

social systems in

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Azores

Bad Nauheim:

Kennan’s Russian history course in

U.S. embassy personnel interned in

Bakhmeteff, Boris

Balfour, Sir John “Jock,”

Ball, George

Ball, Lucille

Barghoorn, Frederick C.

Barnes, Joseph

Barrett, Betsy

Baruch Plan

Beard, Charles, The Open Door at Home

Belgium, German invasion of

Belisarius

Bellah, Robert

Bemis, Samuel Flagg

Beneš, Eduard

Benton, William

Berlin:

allied airlift of

Bristol Hotel in

Cold War tensions over

Kennan’s diary description of

Kennan’s language studies in

Kennan’s reports from

Kennan’s temporary posting (1931) to

Kennan’s transfer (1939) to

postwar occupation of

Soviet blockade of

in wartime

Berlin, Isaiah

Berlin Olympics (1936)

Berlin Wall

Bevin, Ernest

Bidault, Georges

Billington, James

Billington, Ray

Bismarck, Gottfried von

Bismarck, Otto von

Black, Cyril

Blok, Aleksandr

Bohlen, Avis

Bohlen, Charles E. “Chip,”

as ambassador to Soviet Union

and Cold War

death of

and espionage

and Kennan’s expulsion

and Kennan’s long telegram

Kennan’s reports to

and Marshall Plan

memoirs of

in Moscow

and national security

nomination fight of

and postwar Europe

and State Department

in Washington

Bohlen-Robinson report

Böhm, Charlotte

Bonesteel, Charles “Tick” III

Borah, William

Bowie, Robert R.

Bowles, Chester

Braden, Spruille

Brassard, Father Louis Robert

Bretton Woods conference

Brezhnev, Leonid

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Reith lectures

Brodie, Bernard

The Absolute Weapon

Brown, Neill S.

Brown, Philip M.

Bruce, David

Brussels Treaty (1948)

Bryant, Louise

Bryce, James

Brzezinski, Zbigniew

Buchwald, Art

Buffett, Warren

Bulgakov, Valentin Fedorovich

Bulganin, Nikolay

Bull, Harold

Bullitt, William C.

as ambassador to France

as ambassador to Soviet Union

Kennan’s letters to

“swan song” dispatch of

Bundy, Mary Acheson

Bundy, McGeorge

Bundy, William P. “Bill,”

Burgard, Lavere

Burlingham, C. C.

Bush, George H. W.

Bush, George W.

Butler, George

Butterfield, Herbert

Butterworth, W. Walton

Byrnes, James F.

Cabot, John Moors

Calvin, John

Canada:

and atomic bomb

Kennan’s speeches in

and NATO

Canadian Geographical Journal

Carlson, Harry

Carnegie Corporation

Carr, Wilbur J.

Carter, Jimmy

Casablanca conference (1943)

Cassels, Louis

Castle, William R., Jr.

Castro, Fidel

Chamberlain, Neville

Chaucer, Geoffrey

Chekhov, Anton

The Cherry Orchard

The Steppe

Chekhov Publishing House

Chernenko, Konstantin

Chiang Kai-shek

Chicago Sun-Times

China

and atomic bomb

civil war in

communist

Kennan’s writings on

and Korea

and McCarthyism

and Nixon

PPS reports on

and Soviet Union

and Taiwan

Tiananmen Square unrest

and Tito

and UN

White Paper on

China Aid Act (1948)

China hands

China Lobby

Christopher, Warren M.

Chuikov, V. I.

Churchill, Winston

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

covert activities of

cyanide pills from

formation of

Kennan as advisor to

and Russian exiles

Clausewitz, Carl von

Clay, Lucius D.

Clayton, William L.

Cleveland, Grover

Clifford, Clark

Clinton, Bill

Clubb, O. Edmund

Coffin, William Sloane

Colby, Bainbridge

Cold War:

and atomic bomb

beginning of

Berlin blockade

Berlin tensions in

Berlin Wall in

concept of

Cold War: ( cont. )

and containment

and détente

and déterrence

and disengagement

and domino theory

ending

and iron curtain

“liberation” in

and long telegram

and McCarthyism

and minimum deterrence

mutually assured destruction (MAD) in

“New Look” in

“no first use” strategy

and nuclear capability

and nuclear moratorium/control

revisionist histories of

and Task Force A

and U.S. national security

as war of attrition

world divided in

and “X” article

and zero option

Cole, Felix

Coleman, F. W. B.

Committee on East-West Accord

Committee on Present Danger

Conant, James B.

Congress for Cultural Freedom

Conrad, Joseph, Under Western Skies

Cooke, Alistair

Coolidge, Calvin

Corrigan, Frank P.

Cory, Thomas J.

Council of Economic Advisers

Council of Foreign Ministers

Council on Foreign Relations

Cousins, Norman

Craig, Gordon A.

Crawford, Angus MacDonald

Crawford, William A.

Crossman, Richard

Cuba:

Bay of Pigs

and Kennedy administration

Soviet missile crisis

Cumming, Hugh

Custine, Astolphe Louis Léonor, Marquis de

Czechoslovakia:

Bohemia and Moravia

founding of

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