James Frazer - The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume 2 (of 3)

Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches, etc., during the Voyage of the "Beagle" (London, 1912), pp. 471 sqq. ; Sir Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology , Twelfth Edition (London, 1875), ii. 602 sqq. ; T. H. Huxley, Physiography (London, 1881), pp. 256 sqq.

George Brown, Melanesians and Polynesians (London, 1910), pp. 13 sq.

John Crawfurd, Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language (London, 1852), Preliminary Dissertation , p. 253, quoted by Thomas West, Ten Years in South-Central Polynesia , pp. 248 sqq. But the more usual view is that the starting-point of the dispersal of the Polynesian race in the Pacific was Samoa.

Sarah S. Farmer, Tonga and the Friendly Islands (London, 1855), pp. 134-137; Le P. Reiter, "Traditions Tonguiennes," Anthropos , xii. – xiii. (1917-1918), pp. 1026-1040; E. E. Collcott, "Legends from Tonga," Folk-lore , xxxii. (1921) pp. 45-48. Miss Farmer probably obtained the story from the Rev. John Thomas, who was a missionary in the islands for twenty-five years (from 1826 to 1850). She acknowledges her obligations to him for information on the religion of the natives (p. 125). For the period of Mr. Thomas's residence in Tonga, see Miss Farmer's book, p. 161. The story is told in closely similar forms in many other islands of the Pacific. For some of the evidence see my edition of Apollodorus, The Library , vol. ii. p. 331 sqq.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 401 sq.

Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition , New Edition (New York, 1851), iii. 10, 25.

Quoted by F. H. H. Guillemard, Australasia , ii. p. 488.

Jérôme Grange, in Annales de la Propagation de la Foi , xvii. (1845) p. 8.

Horatio Hale, United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology , pp. 10 sq. ; Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition , iii. 25; J. E. Erskine, Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific , pp. 116, 155. The naturalist J. R. Forster thought the Tongans darker than the Tahitians. See his Observations made during a Voyage round the World (London, 1778), p. 234.

J. Dumont d'Urville, Voyage de la corvette Astrolabe, Histoire du Voyage , iv. (Paris, 1832) p. 229.

J. E. Erskine, op. cit. pp. 155 sq. ; Sarah S. Farmer, Tonga and the Friendly Islands , p. 140.

F. H. H. Guillemard, Australasia , ii. pp. 498 sq.

W. Mariner, Tonga Islands , ii. 264.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , iii. 197.

W. Mariner, The Tonga Islands , ii. 263 sqq.

J. E. Erskine, op. cit. p. 132.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 396 sq.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 411 sq.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , iii. 184, 195, v. 274, 316, 357, 416.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , iii. 184.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 274, 357.

Id. iii. 196.

This is affirmed by the Catholic missionary, Jérôme Grange ( Annales de la Propagation de la Foi , xvii. (1845) pp. 15 sqq. ), and though he writes with a manifest prejudice against his rivals the Protestant missionaries, his evidence is confirmed by Commodore Wilkes, the commander of the United States Exploring Expedition, who on his visit to Tongataboo found the Christians and heathens about to go to war with each other. He attempted to make peace between them, but in vain. The heathen were ready to accept his overtures, but "it was evident that King George and his advisers, and, indeed, the whole Christian party, seemed to be desirous of continuing the war, either to force the heathen to become Christians, or to carry it on to extermination, which the number of their warriors made them believe they had the power to effect. I felt, in addition, that the missionaries were thwarting my exertions by permitting warlike preparations during the pending of the negotiations." See Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition , iii. 7 sqq. (my quotation is from p. 16). The story is told from the point of view of the Protestant (Wesleyan) missionaries by Miss S. S. Farmer, Tonga and The Friendly Islands , pp. 293 sqq.

John Williams, Narrative of Missionary Enterprise in the South Seas (London, 1838), p. 264; Charles Wilkes, op. cit. iii. 32 sq.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , iii. 199, v. 414 sq. Captain Cook says that the only piece of iron he found among the Tongans was a small broad awl, which had been made of a nail. But this nail they must have procured either from a former navigator, perhaps Tasman, or from a wreck.

W. Mariner, The Tonga Islands , ii. 287. Compare id. ii. 124, note *; Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 410 sq.

W. Mariner, Tonga Islands , i. 194; compare id. i. 317-320.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 424 sqq. ; W. Mariner, Tonga Islands , ii. 74 sqq. , 132 sqq. ; J. Dumont d'Urville, Voyage de l'Astrolabe, Histoire du Voyage , iv. (Paris, 1832) pp. 90 sq. , " Si tout était suivant l'ordre légal à Tonga-Tabou, on verrait d'abord à la tête de la société le toui-tonga qui est le véritable souverain nominal des îles Tonga, et qui jouit même des honneurs divins ."

Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 424 sq. , 429 sq. ; W. Mariner, Tonga Islands , ii. 83 sqq.

Captain James Cook, Voyages , v. 426.

Horatio Hale, United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology , p. 32.

Mariner was captured by the Tongans on December 1, 1806, and he escaped from the islands in 1810, apparently in November, but the exact date of his escape is not given. See W. Mariner, Tonga Islands , i. 43, ii. 15 sqq. , 68, 69.

W. Mariner, Tonga Islands , ii. 97 sqq.

The word is commonly spelled atua in the Polynesian languages. See E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Wellington, N.Z. 1891), pp. 30 sq. , who gives otua as the Tongan form.

As to the matabooles see W. Mariner, Tonga Islands , ii. 84 sqq.

According to a later account, "on Ata were born the first men, three in number, formed from a worm bred by a rotten plant, whose seed was brought by Tangaloa from heaven. These three were afterwards provided by the Maui with wives from the Underworld." See E. E. V. Collocot, "Notes on Tongan Religion," Journal of the Polynesian Society , xxx. (1921) p. 154.