Napoleon III - History of Julius Caesar Vol. 1 of 2

Aristotle, Politics , VII. iii. § 5. – Polybius, I. 72.

Diodorus Siculus, XX. 17.

Pliny, Natural History , V. iii. 24.

Scylax of Caryanda, Periplus , p. 49. edit. Hudson.

Polybius, XII. 3.

Titus Livius, XXXIV. 62.

58,200 francs (£2,328). (Titus Livius, XXII. 31.)

Sallust, Jugurtha , xix.

Pliny, citing this fact, throws doubt upon it. ( Natural History , V. i. 8.) – See the Periplus of Hanno, in the collection of the minor Greek geographers.

Strabo, III. v. § 3.

Strabo, III. ii. § 1.

Pliny, Natural History , III. iii. 30. – Strabo, III. ii. § 8.

Strabo, III. ii. § 3. – Pliny, III. i. 3; XXXIII. vii. 40.

Above 25,000 francs [£1,000]. (Strabo, III. ii. § 10.)

767,695 pounds of silver and 10,918 pounds of gold, without reckoning what was furnished by certain partial impositions, sometimes very heavy, such as those of Marcolica, one million of sestertii (230,000 francs [£9,200]), and of Certima, 2,400,000 sestertii (550,000 francs [£22,000]). (See Books XXVIII. to XLVI. of Titus Livius.) Such were the resources of Spain, even in the smallest localities, that in 602, C. Marcellus imposed on a little town of the Celtiberians ( Ocilis ) a contribution of thirty talents of silver (about 174,600 francs [£6,984]); and this contribution was regarded by the neighbouring cities as most moderate. (Appian, Wars of Spain , VI. xlviii. 158, ed. Schweighæuser.) Posidonius, cited by Strabo (III. iv., p. 135), relates that M. Marcellus extorted from the Celtiberians a tribute of six hundred talents (about 3,492,600 francs [£139,704]).

A fabulous people, spoken of by Homer. (Athenæus, I. xxviii. 60, edit. Schweighæuser.)

Diodorus Siculus, V. 34, 35.

Pliny, Natural History , XIX. i. 10.

In the time of Hannibal, this town was one of the richest in the peninsula. (Appian, Wars of Spain , xii. 113.)

Strabo, III. iv. § 2.

Polybius, XXXIV., Fragm. , 8.

The medimnus of barley (52 litres) sold for one drachma (97 centimes); the medimnus of wheat, 9 oboli (about 1 franc 45 centimes). (The medium value of 52 litres in France is 10 francs.) A metretes of wine (39 litres) was worth one drachma (97 centimes); a hare, one obolus (16 centimes); a goat, one obolus (16 centimes); a lamb, from 3 to 4 oboli (50 to 60 centimes); a pig of a hundred pounds weight, 5 drachmas (4 francs 85 centimes); a sheep, 2 drachmas (1 franc 95 centimes); an ox for drawing, 10 drachmas (9 francs 70 centimes); a calf, 5 drachmas (4 francs 85 centimes); a talent (26 kilogrammes) of figs, 3 oboli (45 centimes).

Strabo, III. ii. § 1.

Appian, Wars of Spain , i. 102. – Pompey, in the trophies which he raised to himself on the coast of Catalonia, affirmed that he had received the submission of eight hundred and seventy-seven oppida . (Pliny, Natural History , III. iii. 18.) – Pliny reckoned two hundred and ninety-three in Hispania Citerior, and a hundred and seventy-nine in Bætica. ( Natural History , III. iii. 18.) – We may, moreover, form an idea of the number of inhabitants by the amount of troops raised to resist the Scipios. In adding together the numbers furnished by the historians, we arrive at the fearful total of 317,700 men killed or made prisoners. (Titus Livius, XXX. et. seq. ) – In 548, we see two nations of Spain, the Ilergetes and the Ausetani, joined with some other petty tribes, put on foot an army of 30,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. (Titus Livius, XXIX. 1.) – We remark fifteen to twenty others whose forces are equal or superior. After the battle of Zama, Spain furnished Hasdrubal with 50,000 footmen and 4,500 horsemen. (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12, 13.) – Cato has no sooner appeared with his fleet before Emporiæ, than an army of 40,000 Spaniards, who could only have been collected in the surrounding country, is ready prepared to resist him. (Appian, Wars of Spain , 40, p. 147.) – In Lusitania itself, a country of which the population was much less, we see Servius Galba and Lucullus killing 12,500 men. (Appian, Wars of Spain , 58, 59, p. 170 et. seq. ) – Although laid waste and depopulated by these two generals, the country, at the end of a few years, furnished again to Viriathus considerable forces.

Titus Livius, XXII. 20.

Strabo, IV. i. § 11; ii. § 14; iii. § 3.

See what M. Amedée Thierry says, Hist. des Gaul. , II. 134 et seq. 3d edit.

Pliny, XXI. 31.

Diodorus Siculus, V. 26. – Athenæus, IV. xxxvi. 94.

Demosthenes, Thirty-second Oration against Zenothemis , 980, edit. Bekker.

Strabo, IV. vi. § 2, 3.

Diodorus Siculus, V. xxxix.

See Titus Livius, XXXII. to XLII.

See Strabo, V. i. § 10, 11.

Strabo, V. i. § 12.

Gold was originally very abundant in Gaul; but the mines whence it was extracted, and the rivers which carried it, must have been soon exhausted, for the quality of the Gaulish gold coins becomes more and more abased as the date of their fabrication approaches that of the Roman conquest.

Strabo, V. i. § 7. – Titus Livius, X. 2.

Pliny, Natural History , III. xvi. 119. – Martial, Epigr. , IV. xxv. — Antonine Itinerary , 126.

Pliny, Natural History , XXXVII. iii. § 11.

Small vessels, quick sailers, and rapid in their movements, excellent for piracy; also called liburnæ , from the name of the people who employed them.

Polybius, II. 5.

Titus Livius, XLI. 2, 4, 11.

Polybius, II. 8.

Titus Livius, XXXIX. 5.

Pliny, XXXV. 60.

Polybius, XXII. 13.

Polybius, XXX. xv. § 5. – Titus Livius, XLV. 34.

Plutarch, Flamininus , 2.

Polybius, V. 9.

Aristides, Panathen. , p. 149.

Pausanias, Attica , xxviii.

Plutarch, Sylla , 20.

Pausanias, Laconia , xi. We must further mention the famous temple of bronze of Minerva, the two gymnasia, and the Platanistum, a spacious place where the competitions of the youths took place, (Pausanias, Laconia , xiv.)