Heinrich Graetz - History of the Jews (Vol. 1-6)

Heinrich Graetz

From the Earliest Period to the Modern Times and Emancipation in Central Europe

e-artnow, 2021

Contact: info@e-artnow.org

EAN 4064066383954

Volume 1

Volume 2

Volume 3

Volume 4

Volume 5

Volume 6

Table of Contents

PREFACE.

CHAPTER I. THE EARLIEST PERIOD.

CHAPTER II. OCCUPATION OF THE LAND OF CANAAN.

CHAPTER III. NEIGHBOURING NATIONS.

CHAPTER IV. THE JUDGES.

CHAPTER V. ELI AND SAMUEL.

CHAPTER VI. THE APOGEE.

CHAPTER VII. DAVID AND ISHBOSHETH.

CHAPTER VIII. DAVID.

CHAPTER IX. SOLOMON.

CHAPTER X. SECESSION OF THE TRIBES.

CHAPTER XI. THE HOUSE OF DAVID AND THE JEHUIDES.

CHAPTER XII. END OF THE HOUSE OF JEHU AND THE TIME OF UZZIAH.

CHAPTER XIII. THE DOWNFALL OF THE KINGDOM OF THE TEN TRIBES; THE HOUSE OF DAVID, AND THE INTERVENTION OF THE ASSYRIANS.

CHAPTER XIV. THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF THE TEN TRIBES, AND THE HOUSE OF DAVID.

CHAPTER XV. THE LAST KINGS OF JUDAH.

CHAPTER XVI. END OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH.

CHAPTER XVII. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE DESTRUCTION.

CHAPTER XVIII. THE BABYLONIAN EXILE.

CHAPTER XIX. THE RETURN FROM BABYLON, THE NEW COMMUNITY IN JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH.

CHAPTER XX. THE SOPHERIC AGE.

CHAPTER XXI. SIMON THE JUST AND HIS DESCENDANTS.

CHAPTER XXII. THE TYRANNICAL CONVERSION TO HELLENISM AND THE ELEVATION OF THE MACCABEES.

CHAPTER XXIII. VICTORIES AND DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABÆUS; JONATHAN THE HASMONÆAN.

CHAPTER XXIV. THE JUDÆANS IN ALEXANDRIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SIMON.

Table of Contents

It is a matter of especial satisfaction to me that my work, "The History of the Jews, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day," should be rendered accessible to the English-reading public in a compact form and by means of an adequate translation; for in countries where English is spoken, books are not only bought, bound, and placed in libraries, but are also read, taken to heart, and acted upon. It is therefore to be expected that the English-speaking people, which has never disregarded but has at all times recognised and appreciated the peculiar character of the Jewish race, will feel an increased sympathy for it, on reading the alternations of its sublime and tragical history.

English readers, to whom the forefathers of the Jews of to-day—the patriarchs, heroes, and men of God—are familiar characters, will the better understand the miracle which is exhibited in the history of the Jews during three thousand years. The continuance of the Jewish race until the present day is a marvel not to be overlooked even by those who deny the existence of miracles, and who only see in the most astounding events, both natural and preternatural, the logical results of cause and effect. Here we observe a phenomenon, which has developed and asserted itself in spite of all laws of nature, and we behold a culture which, notwithstanding unspeakable hostility against its exponents, has nevertheless profoundly modified the organism of nations.

It is the heartfelt aspiration of the author that this historical work, in its English garb, may attain its object by putting an end to the hostile bearing against the Jewish race, so that it may no longer be begrudged the peculiar sphere whereto it has been predestined through the events and sorrows of thousands of years, and that it may be permitted to fulfil its appointed mission without molestation.

This translation, in five volumes, is not a mere excerpt of my "Geschichte der Juden" (like my "Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden"), but a condensed reproduction of the entire eleven volumes. But the foot-notes have been omitted, so as to render the present work less voluminous for the general reader. Historical students are usually acquainted with the German language, and can read the notes in the original.

In this English edition the "History of the Present Day" is brought down to 1870, whilst the original only goes as far as the memorable events of 1848. The last volume will contain a survey of the entire history of the Jewish nation, together with a comprehensive index of names and events.

In conclusion, I cannot refrain from expressing my gratitude to one whose life-task it is to further with rare generosity all humane and intellectual interests, and who has caused this translation to be made and published. At the risk of wounding his modesty, I must mention, as the Mæcenas of this work, Mr. Frederick D. Mocatta, whose name is a household word in every Jewish circle.

H. GRAETZ.

Breslau, January, 1891 .

*****

To the foregoing words of the author I merely wish to add, that while the first volume, as far as the period of the Hasmonæans, has been translated by me, the other volumes have for the greater part "been done into English by various hands," and have afterwards been revised and edited by me.

My cordial thanks are due to Mr. Israel Abrahams, whose scholarly co-operation has enabled me to cope with the difficulties presented by Hebrew and Jewish names and technicalities.

BELLA LÖWY.

London, January, 1891.

Table of Contents

The Original Inhabitants of Canaan​—​Gigantic Anakim and Rephaim​—​The Phœnicians​—​Israel's Claim to Canaan​—​The Patriarchs​—​Hereditary Law​—​Emigration to Egypt​—​Tribal Union​—​Bright and Dark Sides of the Egyptians​—​Moses, Aaron and Miriam​—​The Prophetic Sage​—​Call of Moses as Deliverer​—​Opposition​—​Exodus from Egypt​—​Passage of the Red Sea​—​Wanderings in the Desert​—​Revelation on Mount Sinai​—​The Decalogue​—​Relapse​—​Concessions​—​Crisis​—​Circuitous Wanderings​—​Victories over Populations of Canaan, on Trans-Jordanic Side​—​Commencements of Hebrew Poetry​—​Death of Moses.

It was on a spring day that some pastoral tribes passed across the Jordan into a strip of land which can only be regarded as an extended coast-line of the Mediterranean. This was the land of Canaan , subsequently called Palestine . The crossing of the Jordan and the entry into this territory were destined to become of the utmost importance to mankind. The land of which the shepherd tribes possessed themselves became the arena of great events, so enduring and important in their results, that the country in which they took place became known as the Holy Land . Distant nations had no conception that the entry of the Hebrew or Israelite tribes into the land of Canaan would have such momentous consequences. Even the inhabitants of Palestine were far from recognising in this invasion an occurrence fraught with vital significance to themselves.

At the time when the Hebrews occupied this territory it was inhabited by tribes and peoples dissimilar in descent and pursuits. The primary place was held by the aborigines, the Anakim and Rephaim , a powerful race of giants. Tradition represents them as the descendants of that unruly and overbearing race which, in primæval times, attempted to storm the heavens. For this rebellious attempt they had been doomed to ignominious destruction.

Their reputed descendants, the powerful natives of the country—who by some of the ancient nations were called Emim , "terrible men"—were unable to maintain themselves; notwithstanding their imposing figures, they were destroyed by races of inferior stature. The rest were obliged to migrate to the East-Jordanic lands, to the south, and also to the south-west of the West-Jordanic region. This remnant of the Anakim filled the Israelite spies with such abject terror that they made the entire nation despair of ever obtaining possession of the country. This gave rise to the proverb, "Who can stand before the children of Anak?" "We were," said the spies, "in our own eyes as grasshoppers, and so we appeared unto them." These giants were eventually overcome by the Israelite dwarfs.