Оуэн Мэтьюз - Glorious Misadventures - Nikolai Rezanov and the Dream of a Russian America

3 McOmie, ‘Revisiting the Rezanov Embassy’, p. 131.

4 Perhaps that is why he reacted first with aggression and arrogance, and finally deep depression.

5 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , p. 202.

6 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 203.

7 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , p. 288.

8 Ibid., p. 322.

9 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 207.

10 Löwenstern sketch of Shmelin fight.

11 McOmie, ‘Revisiting the Rezanov Embassy’, p. 137.

12 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 230.

13 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , p. 309.

14 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 254.

15 Ibid., p. 257.

16 Ibid., p. 261.

17 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , p. 332.

18 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 269.

19 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , p. 310.

20 Ibid., p. 312.

21 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage, p. 278.

22 Ibid., p. 279.

23 Ibid., p. 283.

24 Ibid., p. 289.

14. The Voyage of the Maria

1 Rezanov, Voyage to Nueva California , p. 61.

2 Rezanov, Voyage to Nueva California , p. 45.

3 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 311, 25 May 1805.

4 Technically a revolt of officers is a barratry rather than a mutiny.

5 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 316.

6 The draft of a letter witten by Tilesius to a member of the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg, written on 24 September/6 October 1805 before the departure from Kamchatka for Macao (Stadtarchiv Múhlhausen, Tilesius-Bibliothek N. 82/661).

7 Rezanov, Voyage to Nueva California , p. 44.

8 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 17.

9 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 317.

10 Rezanov had already left for Russian America by the time his accommodation was demolished by the drunken soldiery.

11 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 326.

12 Ibid., p. 329.

13 Letter of Rezanov to the RAC from New Archangel 6 November 1805, Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , vol. 2, p. 153.

14 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 67.

15 Ibid., vol. 2, p11.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 12.

18 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 13.

19 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 58.

20 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 67.

21 Rezanov, Voyage to Nueva California , p. 50.

22 Black, Russians in Alaska , p. 102.

23 Rezanov, Voyage to Nueva California , p. 52.

24 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 73.

25 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 17.

26 Rezanov to the Emperor from Unalaska, 18 July 1805, Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , vol. 2, p. 149.

27 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 21.

28 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 25.

29 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 22.

30 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 29.

31 Sea otters are unusual among sea mammals because they can live for long periods of time at sea, even sleep at sea. (James Bodkin, ‘Sea Otters’, Alaska Geographic , 27 (2000), pp. 78–80.

32 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 41.

33 The Aleut language has given English the words parka and kayak.

34 16 June, Unalaska.

35 Black, Russians in Alaska , p. 133.

36 Rez report to RAC, Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , vol. 2, p. 156.

37 Löwenstern, First Russian Voyage , p. 357.

38 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 58.

39 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 69.

40 Hieromonk Gideon, Voyage , p. 107.

41 Vancouver was surprised how Russians ‘appear to be perfectly content to live after the manner of the native Indians of the country partaking with equal relish and appetite of their food, adopting the same materials for their apparel’. (Vancouver, A Voyage of Discovery , London 1801, vol 2, p. 207).

42 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 32.

43 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 31.

44 Though James Cook in Unalaska found the Aleuts gentle: ‘To all appearances the most peaceable inoffensive people I ever met with and as to honesty they might serve as a pattern to the most civilized nation on earth.’ James Cook, Third Voyage , vol.2, p. 508.

45 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 53.

46 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 64.

47 ‘There is hardly a family here not affected by venereal disease,’ wrote Hieromonk Iosaf, quoted in Miller, Kodiak Kreol, p. 83.

48 Quoted Ibid., p. 8.

49 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 37.

50 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 35.

51 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 53.

52 Ibid.

53 Black, Russians in Alaska , p. 128.

54 Gideon, Voyage pp. 84–5.

55 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 59.

56 Ibid., 24 September 1805.

57 Rezanov’s letter to RAC directors 6 November 1805, quoted in Gideon, Voyage , p. 86.

58 See Archives of the Holy Synod in TsGIA Rossii, Russian America Fond,p. 385.

59 Rezanov to Gideon from Sitka, 11 September 1805, quoted in Gideon, Voyage ,p. 87.

60 See Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , vol. 2, pp. 153–73.

61 Rezanov’s letter to RAC directors, 6 November 1805, quoted in Gideon, Voyage , p. 92.

62 Gideon’s letter to Rezanov, in Gideon, Voyage , p. 93.

63 Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels , vol. 2, p. 78.

15. Baranov

1 Rezanov, Voyage to Nueva California , p. 65.

2 K. T. Khlebnikov, tr. Colin Bearne, ed. by Richard A. Pierce, Baranov: Chief Manager of the Russian Colonies in America (St Peterburg 1835), Limestone Press, Kingston 1973, p. xiv.

3 Khlebnikov, Baranov , p. 22.

4 Engstrom, Baranov , p. 19.

5 Miller, Kodiak Kreol , p. 88.

6 Ibid., p. 89.

7 Engstrom, Baranov , p. 20.

8 Miller, Kodiak Kreol , p. 107.

9 Tsiporukha, ‘Odna iz Stroitelei’, p . 41.

10 Russians in Tlingit America.

11 William Dane Phelps’ remarks on the ‘solid men of Boston’ quoted in Engstrom, Baranov , p. 130.

12 Their hunting range from Kodiak was up to 1,400 miles from Yakutat to Unga. ‘Natives make this journey both ways, 200 versts a day in a narrow baidarka without sails only paddles. They have to endure hunger and often perish in stormy seas . . . constant threat of attack by bloodthirsty people who inhabit these regions.’ Baranov to Shelikhov, Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , vol. 2, p. 127.

13 ‘Depositions made at the Kodiak office of the American Company by the hunter Abrosim Plotnikov and others who were witnesses to the massacre of the New Archangel fort and who escaped from the Kolosh in 1802,’ Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , vol. 2, p. 136.

14 Ibid., p. 138.

15 Though sadly there is no mention of the artefacts’ violent provenance.

16 Baranov’s letter to Kuliakov quoted in Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , vol. 2, p. 265.

17 Lisiansky quoted in Engstrom, Baranov , p. 121.

18 Captain Urey Lisianski (Yury Lisiansky), A Voyage Around the World , John Murray, London 1814 (facsimile edition Da Capo Press, New York 1968), p. 203.

19 Ibid., p. 243.

20 Ibid., p. 245.

21 Ibid., p. 224.

22 See Andrei Grinev, ‘Amerikanskaya Epopeya Aleksandra Baranova’, Voprosy Istorii , no. 8, Moscow 2000.

16. Hunger, Disease, Shipwreck and Death

1 Rezanov’s second secret letter to RAC, 15 February 1806, in Tikhmenev, Russian American Company , p. 190.