Майкл Киммел - Гендерное общество

28Н.Гешвинд цит. по: Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 171. Из числа других авторитетных работ

по гормональным исследованиям см.: Harris G.W Sex Hormones, Brain Development and Brain Function

//Endocrinology. 1965. Vol. 75.

29 Bleier R. Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theory on Women. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

30 Buttery A.W.H., Gray J. Sex Differences in the Development of Spacial and Linguistic Skills // Gender Differences: Their Ontogeny and Significance Ed. C.Ounsted, D.C.Taylor. London: Churchill Livingston, 1972; Levy J. Lateral Specialization of the Human Brain: Behavioral Manifestation and Possible Evolutionary Basis / The Biology of Behavior / Ed. J.A.Kiger. Eugene, Ore.: University of Oregon Press, 1972; см. также: Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 40.

31 Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 60.

32 Levy J. Lateral Specialization of the Human Brain.

33 Hyde J. How Large Are Cognitive Differences? A Metanalysis // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 26; Hyde J., Fennema E., Laman S.J. Gender Differences in Mathematics Performance: A Meta-Analysis // Psychological Bulletin. 1990. Vol. 107.

34 Peters M. The Size of the Corpus Callosum in Males and Females: Implications of a Lack of Allometry // Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1988. Vol. 42. № 3; Lacoste-Utamsing C. de, Holloway R. Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Corpus Callosum // Science. 1982. June 25; см. также: Byne W., Bleier R., Houston L. Variations in Human Corpus Callosum Do Not Predict Gender: A Study Using'Magnetic Resonance Imaging // Behavioral Neuroscience. 1988. Vol.

102. № 2.

35 Цит. по: Schreiber L.A. The Search for His and Her Brains // Glamour. 1993. April.

36 Kinsbourne M. The Development of Lateralization // Biological and Neurological Mechanisms / Ed. H.W.Reese, M.D.Franzen. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1996.

37 Несколько авторов предлагают краткое содержание этого исследования, в т. ч.: Hamer D., Copeland P. The Science of Desire. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994; LeVay S. Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of 416

Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: M.l.T. Press, 1996; Sexual Orientation: Toward Biological Understanding / Ed.

L.Ellis, LEbertz. New York: Praeger, 1997. Другие публикации предлагают немаловажные возражения этому научному

исследованию; см., напр.: Science and Homosexualities Ed. V.Rosario. New York: Routledge, 1997; Murphy T. Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997; Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science and Culture of Homosexuality Ed. J.Corvino. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997. Этой теме был посвящен

сдвоенный номер: Journal of Homosexuality. 1995. Vol. 28. № 1— 2. Резко отличное мнение см.: Byne W. Why We Cannot Conclude That Sexual Orientation Is Primarily a Biological Phenomenon // Journal of Homosexuality. 1997. Vol. 34. № 1; Idem.

Science and Belief: Psychobiological Research on Sexual Orientation //Journal of Homosexuality. 1995. Vol. 28. № 2.

TO

Foucault M. The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon, 1978. См. также: Katz J.N. The Invention of Heterosexuality. New York: E.P.Dutton, 1993.

39 Dorner G., Rohde W., Stahl E, Krell L., Masius W. A Neuroendocrine Predisposition for Homosexuality in Men // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1975. Vol. 4. № 1. P. 6.

LeVay S. A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Homosexual and Heterosexual Men // Science. 1991. Vol. 253.

August 30; Idem. The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: M.l.T. Press, 1994; LeVay S., Hamer D. Evidence for a Biological Influence in Male Homosexuality // Scientific American. 1994. Vol. 270. См. также: Born or Bred? // Newsweek. 1992. February 24.

Yahr P. Sexually Dimorphic Hypothalamic Cell Groups and a Related Pathway That Are Essential for Masculine Copulatory Behavior // The Development of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior / Ed. M.Haug, R.Whalen, C.Aron, K.OIsen.

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. P. 416.

42 43

См.: Chronicle of Higher Education. 1995. November 10.

Lewontin R., Rose S., Kamin L. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

44 Bailey J.M., Pillard R. A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991. Vol. 48; Bailey J.M., Pillard R. Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientation in Women // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993. Vol. 50.

Pillard R., Weinreich J. Evidence of a Familia1 Nature of Male Homosexuality //Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986. Vol. 43.

Goldberg S. The Inevitability of Patriarchy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973. P. 93.

Sapolsky R. The Trouble with Testosterone. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997 P. 155.

Kemper T. Testosterone and Social Structure. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990; Kling A. Testosterone and Aggressive Behavior in Man and Non-human Primates // Hormonal Correlates of Behavior / Ed. B.Eleftheriou, R.Sprott. New York: Plenum, 1975.

14 Гсндсрноо общество

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49 Money J., Ehrhardt A. Man and Woman, Boy and Girl. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.

50 Ehrhardt A., Baker S.W. Fetal Androgens, Human Central Nervous System Differentiation, and Behavior Sex Differences // Sex Differences in Behavior / Ed. R.Friedman, R.M.Richart, R.L.Van de Wiele. Huntington, N.Y.: Krieger, 1978. P. 49.

51 Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 136-137.

52 Yalom I., Green R., Fisk N. Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones — Effect on Psychosexual Development in Boys // Archives of General Psychiatry.

1973. Vol. 28.

53 Steinem G. If Men Could Menstruate // Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.

54 Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 92.

55 Dorner G., Schenk В., Schmiedel В., Ahrens L. Stressful Events in Prenatal Life of Bisexual and Homosexual Men // Explorations in Clinical Endocrinology. 1983. Vol. 81. P. 87. См. также: Dorner G. et al. Prenatal Stress As a Possible Paetiogenic Factor of Homosexuality in Human Males // Endokrinologie. 1983. Vol. 75; Dorner G., Gotz F., Ohkawa Т., Rohde W, Stahl F, Tonjes R. Prenatal Stress and Sexual Brain Differentiation in Animal and Human Beings // Abstracts. International Academy of Sex Research. Thirteenth Annual Meeting, Tutzing, June 21—25, 1987.

Противоположная позиция представлена в разумной статье: Schmidt G., Clement U. Does Peace Prevent Homosexuality? // Journal of Homosexuality. 1995. Vol. 28. № 1-2.

См.: Dreger A.D. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998; Hekma G. «A Female Soul ina Male Body»: Sexuai Inversion as Gender Inversion in Nineteenth Century Sexology

// Third Sex, Third Gender / Ed. G.Herdt. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1993.

со

См.: Imperato-McGinley J. et al. Steroid 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency in Man: An Inherited Form of Pseudohermaphroditism // Science.

1974. Vol. 186; Imperato-McGinley J. et al. Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency // New England Journal of Medicine. 1979. Vol. 300. P.

1235. Отличное краткое изложение см.: Herdt G. Mistaken Sex: Culture, Biology and the Third Sex in New Guinea // Third Sex, Third Gender / Ed. G.Herdt.