Richard Pipes - The Russian Revolution

Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitelnogo Komiteta 4-go Sozyva

(Moscow, 1920), 240.

2.

NV

, No. 63/87 (April 2, 1918), 3.

3.

Simon Liberman,

Building Lenin’s Russia

(Chicago, 1945), 56–57.

4.

George Buchanan to A. Balfour, September 8, 1917, Public Record Office (London), F.O. 371/3015.

5.

Lenin,

Khronika

, V, 165–66.

6.

NZh

, No. 43/258 (March 16, 1918), 1.

7.

NZh

, No. 51/266 (March 26, 1918), 3;

NV

, No. 73/97 (April 4, 1918), 3.

8.

Lenin,

PSS

, XXI, 17.

9.

NS

, No. 1 (April 13, 1918), 2;

NV

, No. 73/97 (April 14, 1918), 3.

10. NVCh , No. 65 (April 22, 1918), 1.

11. A. D. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 187.

12. G. Lefebvre, The French Revolution (New York, 1962), 270.

13. P. M. Bykov, “Poslednie dni poslednego tsaria,” in N. I. Nikolaev, ed., Rabochaia revoliutsiia na Urale (Ekaterinburg, 1921), 7.

14. P. M. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh (Sverdlovsk, 1926), 89, 307–8; P. Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs (London, 1935), 203–5; N. A. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i (Paris, 1925), 42–43; S. P. Melgunov, Sud’ba Imperatora Nikolaia II posle otrecheniia (Paris, 1951), 276–79.

15. I. Koretskii in PR , No. 4 (1922), 13.

16. P. Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court (New York, 1921), 257–58; Melgunov, Sud’ba , 250–58.

17. Protokoly VTsIK 4-go sozyva (Moscow, 1920), 240–41; cf. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 89, and G. Ioffe in Sovetskaia Rossiia , No. 161/9, 412 (July 12, 1987), 4.

18. G. Z. Ioffe, Krakh rossiiskoi monarkhicheskoi kontrrevoliutsii (Moscow, 1977), 148–57; also Ural , No. 7 (1988), 147–50.

19. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 90.

20. Ibid , 91.

21. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 44.

22. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 191.

23. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 45.

24. Iakovlev in Izvestiia , No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.

25. Kobylinskii in Robert Wilton, The Last Days of the Romanovs (London, 1920), 206.

26. Iakovlev in Izvestiia , No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.

27. Gilliard, Thirteen Years , 260–63.

28. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 99.

29. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 190, 193; Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 10.

30. Isaac Don Levine, Eyewitness to History (New York, 1963), 130.

31. M. K. Kasvinov, Dvadsat’ tri stupeni v niz (Moscow, 1978), 454–55.

32. Iakovlev in RL , No. 1 (1921), 152.

33. Ibid .

34. Sokolov Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Box 67, pp. 212–13.

35. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 97; this is confirmed by the tapes of the conversation between Iakovlev and Sverdlov as summarized by Ioffe in Sovetskaia Rossiia , No. 161/9,412 (July 12, 1987), 4; Iakovlev in Ural , No. 7 (1988), 162.

36. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 195–96.

37. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 98.

38. Ibid . 100.

39. Iakovlev in Izvestiia , No. 96/360 (May 16, 1918), 2.

40. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 64–65; Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 52.

41. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 12.

42. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 199–200.

43. Ibid . 197.

44. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 124.

45. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 203.

46. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 129, 131.

47. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 203; Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 15.

48. S. S. Bekhteev, Pesni russkoi skorbi i slëz , I, (Munich, 1923), 18; Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 282. The above translation is from Bulygin, Murder , 25–26, with one minor change,

49. Trotsky’s Diary, entry for April 9, 1935, in Trotsky Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, bMS/Russ 13, T-3731, p. III.

50. On Grand Duke Michael: O. Poutianine, in Revue des Deux Mondes , XVIII (November 1, 1923), 56–78, and XVIII (November 15, 1923), 290–310; G.B. in Rul’ , No. 2472 (January 13, 1929), 5.

51. Poutianine in Revue , 309–10, based on an account of Michael’s valet as told to a Swiss acquaintance; see also Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 265–66.

52. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 121; Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 266.

53. Melgunov, Sud’ba , 388.

54. NZh , No. 120/335 (June 22, 1918); 3; NV , No. 96/120 (June 19,1918), 2; NVCh , No. 93 (June 19, 1918), 1. For reports abroad, see New York Times , July 1, 1918, 5, and The Times , July 3, 1918, 6.

55. NS , No. 48 (June 19,1918) (not available to me), as reported in NV , No. 97/121 (June 29,1918), 3; cf. Lenin, Khronika , V, 552.

56. NV , No. 100/124 (June 23, 1918), 2.

57. M. K. Diterikhs, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale , I (Vladivostok, 1922), 61.

58. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 202. Avdeev mistakenly identifies him as an Austrian.

59. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 17–18.

60. Serge Smirnoff, Autour de l’ Assassinat des Grand-Ducs (Paris, 1928), 14–15,114n., 92–93, 104, 143. Bykov (“Poslednie dni,” 18) confirms that Smirnoff was arrested with Mičič (whom he mistakenly calls “Migich”).

61. Rodina , No. 4 (1989), 95.

62. Avdeev in KN , No. 5 (1928), 202.

63. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 147.

64. Trotsky’s Diary, loc. cit. , p. III , entry dated April 9, 1935.

65. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 106.

66. Dekrety , III, 22.

67. Ibid . 21–22; SUiR , No. 583, 611–12.

68. Sokolov Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Box 7.

69. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 138.

70. Ibid; Wilton, The Last Days , 82.

71. Lenin, Khronika , V, 580, 616.

72. Kasvinov, Dvadsal’ tri stupeni , 489; Bykov, Poslednie dni , 114.

73. Bykov, “Poslednie dni,” 20.

74. F. McCullagh in Nineteenth Century and After , No. 123 (September 1920), 417.

75. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 230–38; Ogonëk , No. 21 (1989), 30–32.

76. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 224–29.

77. Ogonëk , No. 21 (1989), 30.

78. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 232.

79. Ibid , 219.

80. Ibid. , 222–23.

81. Ibid. , 254.

82. Ogonëk , No. 21 (1989), 30–31.

83. Deposition of P. V. Kukhtenko in Sokolov Dossier I, dated September 8, 1918; omission in the original.

84. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 261.

85. Bulygin, Murder , 256.

86. K. Jagow in BM , No. 5 (May 1935), 932.

87. Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 337, note 13.

88. Jagow in BM , 393.

89. Lenin, Khronika , V, 642.

90. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 247–49.

91. Dekrety , III, 57–58.

92. V. Miliutin in Prozhektor , No. 4 (1924), 10.

93. Jagow in BM , 398.

94. Ibid. , 399; Karl von Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach in Moskau (Tübingen, 1922), 103.

95. Jagow in BM , 400.

96. Bulygin, Murder , 244.

97. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 246, 252–53.

98. Bykov, Poslednie dni , 113.