Richard Pipes - The Russian Revolution

23

. General V. A. Sukhomlinov.

The Illustrated London News

.

24

. Nicholas II at army headquarters: September 1914.

25

. Russian prisoners of war taken by the Germans in Poland: Spring 1915. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.

26

. General A. Polivanov. VAAP, Moscow.

27

. Alexandra Fedorovna and her confidante, Anna Vyrubova.

28

. Alexander Protopopov.

29

. Rasputin with children in his Siberian village.

30

. International Women’s Day in Petrograd, February 23, 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

31

. Crowds on Znamenskii Square, Petrograd. The Library of ongress.

32

. Mutinous soldiers in Petrograd: February 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

33

. Petrograd crowds burning emblems of the Imperial regime: February 1917.

The Illustrated London News

.

34

. Arrest of a police informer. Courtesy of Mr. Marvin Lyons.

35

. Workers toppling the statue of Alexander III in Moscow (1918).

36

. Provisional Committee of the Duma. The Library of Congress.

37

. Troops of the Petrograd garrison in front of the Winter Palace.

38

. A sailor removing an officer’s epaulettes. VAAP, Moscow.

39

. K. A. Gvozdev. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

40

. Soldier section of the Petrograd Soviet. The Library of Congress.

41

. Executive Committee (Ispolkom) of the Petrograd Soviet. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

42

. Prince G. Lvov.

43

. Alexander Kerensky.

44

. N. D. Sokolov drafting Order No. 1: March 1, 1917.

45

. Political meeting at the front: Summer 1917.

Niva

, No. 19 (1917).

46

. Grand Duke Michael.

47

. Officer candidates (

iunkers

) parading in Petrograd: March 1917.

48

. Ex-Tsar Nicholas at Tsarskoe Selo, March 1917, under house arrest. The Library of Congress.

49

. Leonid Krasin.

50

. Lenin: Paris 1910.

51

. Kerensky visiting the front: summer 1917. Courtesy Bakhmeteff Archive, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

52

. Russian soldiers fleeing Germans: July 1917.

The Daily Mirror

(London).

53

. The July 1917 events.

54

. P. N. Pereverzev.

Niva

, No. 19 (1917).

55

. The Palace Square in Petrograd after the suppression of the Bolshevik putsch.

56

. Mutinous soldiers of the 1st Machine Gun Regiment disarmed: July 5, 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

57

. Leon Trotsky.

58

. General Lavr Kornilov.

59

. Kornilov feted on his arrival at the Moscow State Conference.

60

. Vladimir Lvov.

61

. N. V. Nekrasov.

62

. Soldiers of the “Wild Division” meet with the Luga Soviet.

63

. The Military-Revolutionary Committee (Milrevkom).

64

. Grigorii Zinoviev. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

65

. L. B. Kamenev. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.

66

. N. I. Podvoiskii.

67

. Cadets (

iunkers

) defending the Winter Palace: October 1917.

68

. The Winter Palace, after being seized and looted by the Bolsheviks. VAAP, Moscow.

69

. The Assembly Hall in Smolnyi.

70

. Cadets defending the Moscow Kremlin: November 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

71

. Fires burning in Moscow during battle between loyal and Bolshevik forces: November 1917. VAAP, Moscow.

72

. Iakov Sverdlov.

73

. Latvians guarding Lenin’s office in Smolnyi. State Museum of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Leningrad.

74

. Lenin and secretarial staff of the Council of People’s Commissars. VAAP, Moscow.

75

. One of the early meetings of the Council of People’s Commissars. VAAP, Moscow.

76

. Voting for the Constituent Assembly.

77

. Electoral poster of the Constitutional-Democrats. Poster Collection, Hoover Institution Archives.

78

. F. M. Onipko.

Niva

, No. 19 (1917).

79

. Victor Chernov. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

80

. The Russian delegation arrives at Brest-Litovsk.

81

. The signing of the Armistice at Brest.

82

. Russian and German troops fraternizing: Winter 1917–18. Culver Pictures.

83

. Kurt Riezler.

84

. A. Ioffe.

85

. Armored train of Czech Legion in Siberia: June 1918. Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London.

86

. General Gajda, Commander of the Czech Legion. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

87

. Maria Spiridonova. Isaac N. Steinberg Collection, Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York.

88

. Colonel I. Vatsetis.

89

. Boris Savinkov.

90

. Lieutenant-Colonel A. P. Perkhurov.

91

. A German-Russian love affair: contemporary Russian cartoon.

92

. Iurii Larin.

93

. A common sight on the streets of Moscow and Petrograd in 1918–21. Hoover Institution Archives: Boris Sokoloff Collection.

94

. A typical peasant “bourgeois-capitalist.”

95

. Ipatev’s house—the “House of Special Designation.”

96

. Ipatev’s house surrounded by a palisade. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

97

. Alexis and Olga on board the ship

Rus’

.

98

. The murderer of Nicholas II, Iurovskii, with his family.

99

. Isaac Steinberg. Slavic and Baltic Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

100

. Feliks Dzerzhinskii.

101

. Fannie Kaplan. David King Collection, London.

102

. Dzerzhinskii and Stalin.

MAPS

Russian Empire circa 1900

European Russia

Petrograd

German Advance into Russia, 1917–1918

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the course of working on this book I have benefited from the generous support of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Smith Richardson Foundation, to which I would like to express my warm appreciation. I am also grateful to the Hoover Institution at Stanford, California, for giving me access to its unrivaled collections.

ABBREVIATIONS

ARR

Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii

BK

Bor’ba klassov

BM

Berliner Monatshefte

Brogkauz & Efron

Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar’ Ob-va Brogkauz i Efron

, 41 vols.

BSE

Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia

, 65 vols.

Dekrety

Dekrety sovetskoi vlasti

, 11 vols. (Moscow, 1957– )

DN

Delo naroda

EV

Ekonomicheskii vestnik

EZh

Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’

Forschungen

Forschungen zur Osteuropäischen Geschichte

GM

Golos minuvshego

Granat

Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar’ Tov-va Granat

, 55 vols.

IA

Istoricheskii arkhiv

IM

Istorik Marksist

IR

Illustrirovannaia Rossiia

ISSSR

Istoriia SSSR

IV

Istoricheskii vestnik

IZ

Istoricheskie zapiski