Chalmers Johnson - Nemesis - The Last Days of the American Republic

40. Tracy Wilkinson, “Sardinia Says It’s Time for the U.S. Navy to Leave Port,” Los Angeles Times, July 17, 2005; Brian Wingfield, “U.S. to Shut Base in Italy That Aids Nuclear Subs,” New York Times, November 25, 2005.

41. Kent Harris, “Life Isn’t Just Sun and Sand for Soldiers at Camp Darby in Italy,” Stars & Stripes, May 12, 2002; Richard Owen, “Italians Alarmed at Discovery of Huge U.S. Munitions Base,” Times Online, January 18, 2003; “Anti-War Protesters Block U.S. Military Train in Italy,”Agence France-Presse, February 23, 2003; “Italian Protests Block Arms Trains,” BBC News, February 24, 2003.

42. Liza Porteus, “Pentagon Ponders Overseas Military Shift,” Fox News, May 16, 2003; Associated Press, “U.S. to Take Over Bases in Romania,” CNN.com, December 6, 2005.

43. Steve Liewer, “Plans Slow for Base Closures in Europe,” Stars & Stripes, December 8, 2003; Oana Lungescu, “U.S. Briefs Allies on Army Revamp,” BBC News, December 8, 2003; William J. Kole, Associated Press, “Romania Base Focus of Secret Prison Probe,” Guardian, November 24, 2005.

44. Holmes, “Bases of Empire,” p. 9.

45. Judy Dempsey, “U.S. Rejects German Calls to Withdraw Nuclear Weapons,” New York Times, May 3, 2005.

46. For details on the Echelon espionage network, see Johnson, Sorrows of Empire, pp. 165-67. See also Holmes, “Bases of Empire.”

47. Mark Landler, “After 60 Years, the Yanks Fly Out, Leaving Just the Ghosts,” New York Times, October 21, 2005. See also Jim McDonald, Associated Press, “U.S. Hands Historic Rhein-Main Air Base to Germany after 60 Years,” San Diego Union-Tribune, October 11, 2005.

48. See, in particular, Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication (Washington, D.C.: September 2004).

49. Peter J. Katzenstein, A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005), pp. 3, 246-47.

50. Ibid., p. 245.

51. Karen Kwiatkowski, “Our Inscrutable Iraq Policy: Why We Did It, What to Do Now, and What Happens Next,” LewRockwell.com, October 24, 2005, p. 3.

52. Joshua Hammer, “Digging In: If the U.S. Government Doesn’t Plan to Occupy Iraq for Any Longer than Necessary, Why Is It Spending Billions of Dollars to Build ’Enduring’ Bases?’” Mother Jones, March-April 2005.

53. Commission on Review of Overseas Military Facility Structure, Report, p. G7.

54. Quoted by Bradley Graham, “Iraq, Afghan Commitments Fuel U.S. Air Base Construction,” Washington Post, September 17, 2005. See also Tom Engelhardt, “Can You Say ’Permanent Bases’? The American Press Can’t,” Tom Dispatch.com, February 14, 2006, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?pid=59774.

55. Quoted by Sam Graham-Felsen, “Operation: Enduring Presence,” AlterNet, July 28, 2005, http://www.alternet.org/module/printversion/23755.

56. Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Construction Boom Beefs Up Mideast Air Bases,” New York Times, September 18, 2005.

57. Hammer, “Digging In.”

58. Bradley Graham, “Commanders Plan Eventual Consolidation of U.S. Bases in Iraq,” Washington Post, May 22, 2005.

59. Christine Spolar, “14 ’Enduring Bases’ Set in Iraq,” Chicago Tribune, March 23, 2004.

60. Graham, “Eventual Consolidation.”

61. Commission on Review of Overseas Military Facility Structure, Report, p.G13.

62. See Engelhardt, “Bases, Bases Everywhere.”

63. See Global Security’s Web site, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/iraq.htm, and http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/iraq-intro.htm.

64. See Ariana Eunjung Cha, “Baghdad’s U.S. Zone a Stand-in for Home,” Washington Post, December 6, 2003.

65. Chris Hughes, “Exclusive: Billion Dollar Bunker,” Mirror.co.uk, January 3, 2006, http://www.mirror.co.uk/printable_version.cfm?objectid=165410848csiteid=94762; Barbara Slavin, “Giant U.S. Embassy Rising in Baghdad,” USA Today, April 19, 2006; Kevin Zeese, “They’re Staying in Iraq,” Antiwar.com, April 22, 2006; Charles J. Hanley, Associated Press, “Officials Mum on Huge U.S. Embassy,” Washington Times, April 23, 2006, http://www.Washingtontimes.com/world/20060423-122454-5409r.htm; Daniel McGrory, “In the Chaos of Iraq, One Project Is on Target: A Giant U.S. Embassy,” London Times, May 3, 2006, http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines06/0503-05.htm; Liz Sly, Chicago Tribune, “As Lavish U.S. Embassy Rises in Baghdad, Many Hard-up Iraqis Are Irked,” Arizona Star, May 29, 2006.

66. Thorn Shanker, “U.S. Retools Hussein Pleasure Palace as Camp Victory,” New York Times, June 12, 2004.

67. See Hammer, “Digging In.”

68. David R. Francis, “U.S. Bases in Iraq: Sticky Politics, Hard Math,” Christian Science Monitor, September 30, 2004.

69. Global Security Organization, “Balad Air Base, Camp Anaconda,” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/balad-ab.htm; Schmitt, “Pentagon Construction Boom”; Thomas E. Ricks, “Biggest Base in Iraq Has Small-Town Feel,” Washington Post, February 4, 2006; Becky Branford, “Iraq Bases Spur Questions over U.S. Plans,” BBC News, March 30, 2006; “U.S. Forces Planning for the Long Haul in Iraq,” Hindustan Times, April 24, 2006.

70. Steve Liewer, “1st ID Readying New Iraq HQ,” Stars & Stripes, November 10, 2004; Charles Aldinger, “U.S. Forces Leave Some Bases in North Iraq: General,” Reuters, October 28, 2005; David Axe, “Seabees Buzz in to Build Up Bases,” Washington Times, February 3, 2006.

71. Graham, “Eventual .Consolidation.”

72. See Brian Loveman, ed., Addicted to Failure: US. Security Policy in Latin America and the Andean Region (Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006); and Greg Grandin, Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006).

73. Humberto Marquez, “Dutch Islands Caught Up in U.S.-Venezuela Friction,” Antiwar.com, April 6, 2006.

74. John Lindsay-Poland, “U.S. Military Bases in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Foreign Policy in Focus, Policy Brief 9, no. 3 (August 2004).

75. Mary Donohue and Melissa Nepomiachi, “Washington Secures Long-Sought Hemispheric Outpost, Perhaps at the Expense of Regional Sovereignty,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, July 20, 2005.

76. Michael Flynn, “What’s the Deal at Manta?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, January-February 2005, pp. 23-29.

77. On private military companies, see Johnson, Sorrows of Empire, pp. 140-49.

78. Lindsay-Poland, “U.S. Military Bases.”

79. Larry Luxner and Douglas Engle, “The Arabs of Brazil,” Saudi Aramco World, September-October 2005, pp. 18-23.

80. CIA Factbook, s.v. Paraguay, http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pa.html.

81. Jeffrey Goldberg, “In the Party of God: Hezbollah Sets Up Operations in South America and the United States,” New Yorker, October 28, 2002, http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/021028fa_fact2.

82. Ibid.; Jessica Stern, “The Protean Enemy,” Foreign Affairs, July-August 2003.

83. Quoted by Goldberg, “Party of God.”

84. Letter from Ambassador Rubens Barbosa, “Triborder Dispute,” Foreign Affairs, January-February 2004. Also see Kenneth Rapoza, “The New Fakers: State Department Undercuts the New Yorkers Jeffrey Goldberg,” Counter-punch, May 14, 2003.