Chalmers Johnson - Nemesis - The Last Days of the American Republic

40. Quoted by Kornbluh, “CIA Outrages.”

41. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, pp. 18 and 510, notes 23 and 24; Powers, “Department of Dirty Tricks”; Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 22.

42. Staff report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee), Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 15; Blum, Killing Hope, pp. 206-7.

43. Paul E. Sigmund, The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964-1976 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), pp. 35,297; quoted by Blum, Killing Hope, p. 207.

44. Kornbluh, “Chile Coup”; Johnson, America’s Secret Power, pp. 186, 197.

45. Blum, Killing Hope, p. 208.

46. Powers, “Department of Dirty Tricks”; Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 5.

47. Church Committee, Covert Action in Chile, p. 47; Blum, Killing Hope, p. 214.

48. NSSM (National Security Study Memorandum) 97, “Regarding Threats to U.S. Interests,” c. August 11, 1970. See Kornbluh, Pinochet File, pp. 8-9.

49. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, chap. 1, doc. 12.

50. Ibid., p. 16.

51. Ibid., chap. 1, doc. 14.

52. Ibid., p. 30; Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), pp. 289-93.

53. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 29.

54. Ibid., p. 113.

55. Larry Rohter, New York Times, “Report on Torture Forcing Chile to Rethink Its Past,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 28, 2004; Associated Press, “Chile Torture Victims to Get Compensated,” New York Times, November 29, 2004; Peter Kornbluh, “Letter from Chile,” Nation, January 31, 2005, pp. 22-24.

56. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 324.

57. Ibid.

58. Dinges, “Pulling back the Veil.”

59. See, inter alia, John Dinges and Saul Landau, Assassination on Embassy Row (New York: Pantheon, 1980); A. J. Langguth, Hidden Terrors: The Truth About U.S. Police Operations in Latin America (New York: Pantheon, 1978); John Dinges, The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (New York: New Press, 2004); Kornbluh, “CIA Outrages”; Francisco Letelier (son of Orlando Letelier), “My Case Against Pinochet,” Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2004.

60. See, in particular, Philippe Sands, in “Pinochet in London,” in Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules from FDR’s Atlantic Charter to George W. Bush’s Illegal War (New York: Viking, 2005), pp. 23-45.

61. Timothy L. O’Brien and Larry Rohter, “U.S. and Others Gave Millions to Pinochet,” New York Times, December 7, 2004; Adam Thomson, “Pinochet Stripped of Political Prestige,” Financial Times, December 15, 2004; Kornbluh, “Letter from Chile.”

62. George Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003), p. 4; Johnson, America’s Secret Power, p. 49.

63. Robert Michael Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 146-47.

64. Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Les Revelations d’un Ancien Conseiller de Carter: ’Oui, la CIA est Entree en Afghanistan avant les Russes ...,”’ Le Nouvel Observateur (Paris), January 15-21,1998, trans. William Blum and David D. Gibbs in David D. Gibbs, “Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Retrospect,” International Politics, 37 (June 2000), pp. 233-46.

65. Quoted by Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 55.

66. Ibid., p. 92.

67. Ibid., pp. 93, 103–4, 112, 125.

68. Ibid., p. 60.

69. Ibid., p. 165.

70. Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War, p. 338.

71. Quoted by Eric Konigsberg, “Washington’s Sexual Awakening,” New York Magazine, February 9, 1998.

72. Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War, pp. 3, 12.

73. Ibid., pp. 40-42,96.

74. Marcus Stern and Jerry Kammer, Copley News Service, “Cunningham Case: A View into Political Pork Process,” San Diego Union-Tribune, August 31, 2005. “Cunningham” in the title of this article refers to Randy “Duke” Cunningham, a former Republican congressman from California, who, like Wilson, was a member of both the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee and the Intelligence Oversight Committee of the House of Representatives. In 2006, Cunningham confessed to pocketing $2.4 million, the largest bribeever paid to a member of Congress in U.S. history, and was sentenced to along term in prison.

75. Richard Whittle and George Kuempel, Dallas Morning News, “Ex-lawmaker Accused of Arms Deal Kickbacks,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 23, 1997; Crile, Charlie Wilsons War, pp. 210, 291-92,460.

76. Quoted by Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 234.

77. Ibid., pp. 83-84.

78. Ibid., p. 144.

79. Ibid., p. 421.

80. Vernon Loeb, “CIA Fires Officer Over Embassy Bombing,” Washington Post, April 9, 2000.

81. Quoted by Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 394,557.

82. Albert Bandura, “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (1999), pp. 193-209, at p. 195.

83. Quoted by lane Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture,” New Yorker, February 14, 2005, http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/050214fa_fact6.

84. See Bruce B. Campbell and Arthur D. Brenner, eds., Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder with Deniability (New York: St. Martin s Press, 2000); Frederick H. Gareau, State Terrorism and the United States: From Counter-insurgency to the War on Terrorism (Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press, 2004).

85. See Tim Naftali, “Milan Snatch,” Slate, June 30, 2005, http://www.slate.msn.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2121801; Congressional Record, Senate, “International Terrorism,” March 15, 1989, p. S2538; U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Agency, Department of Homeland Security, “ICE Deports Terrorist Who Hijacked, Blew Up Airliner,” news release, March 29, 2005.

86. Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture”; CBS News, “CIA Flying Suspects to Torture?” March 6, 2005, http.7/www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/04/60minutes/main678155.shtml.

87. Ibid.

88. Dana Priest and Joe Stephens, “Secret World of U.S. Interrogation: Long History of Tactics in Overseas Prisons Is Coming to Light,” Washington Post, May 11, 2004.

89. Douglas Jehl and David Johnston, “Rule Change Lets CIA Freely Send Suspects Abroad,” New York Times, March 6, 2005.

90. Ibid.

91. Stephen Grey, “U.S. Accused of ’Torture Flights,’” Times Online, November 14, 2004, http://www.timesonline.co.Uk/printFriendly/0,, 1-524-1357699-524,00.html; CBS News, “CIA Flying Suspects to Torture?” Also see Amy Goodman’s interview with Stephen Grey, “U.S. Operating Secret ’Torture Flights,’” Democracy Now, November 17, 2004, http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/11/17/1525208.

92. Ian Cobain, Stephen Grey, and Richard Norton-Taylor, “Destination Cairo: Human Rights Fears over CIA Flights,” Guardian, September 12, 2005, http://ww.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5283268-105744,00.html.

93. Dan Bilefsky, “European Inquiry Says CIA Flew 1,000 Flights in Secret,” New York Times, April 27, 2006, http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/042706N.shtml; Ian Silva, “Probe of CIA Prisons Implicates EU Nations,” Associated Press, June 7, 2006; Stephen Grey and Ian Cobain, “From Logistics to Turning a Blind Eye: Europe’s Role in Terror Abductions,” Guardian, June 7, 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0329498686-l10878,00.html; “Europeans Assisted CIA with Abductions,” Financial Times, June 8, 2006.