James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 08 of 12)

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 56.

G. Maspero, Histoire ancienne 4(Paris, 1886), p. 31. Compare Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums , 5i. 56. It has been conjectured that the period of twenty-five years was determined by astronomical considerations, that being a period which harmonises the phases of the moon with the days of the Egyptian year. See L. Ideler, Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie (Berlin, 1825-1826), i. 182 sq. ; F. K. Ginzel, Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie , i. (Leipsic, 1906), pp. 180 sq.

G. Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa , Third Edition (London, 1878), i. 59 sq.

E. de Pruyssenaere, Reisen und Forschungen im Gebiete des Weissen und Blauen Nil (Gotha, 1877), pp. 22 sq. ( Petermann's Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft , No. 50).

Ernst Marno, Reisen im Gebiete des Blauen und Weissen Nil (Vienna, 1874), p. 343. The name Nyeledit is explained by the writer to mean “very great and mighty.” It is probably equivalent to Nyalich , which Dr. C. G. Seligmann gives as a synonym for Dengdit, the high god of the Dinka. According to Dr. Seligmann, Nyalich is the locative of a word meaning “above” and, literally translated, signifies, “in the above.” See C. G. Seligmann, s. v. “Dinka,” in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics , edited by J. Hastings, D.D., vol. iv. (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 707. The Sakalava of Ampasimene, in Madagascar, are said to worship a black bull which is kept in a sacred enclosure in the island of Nosy Be. On the death of the sacred bull another is substituted for it. See A. van Gennep, Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904), pp. 247 sq. , quoting J. Carol, Chez les Hova (Paris, 1898), pp. 418 sq. But as the Sakalava are not, so far as I know, mainly or exclusively a pastoral people, this example of bull-worship does not strictly belong to the class illustrated in the text.

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , i. 19 sqq.

See above, vol. i. pp 292-294.

Athenaeus, xiii. 51, p. 587 a; Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 204. Compare W. Robertson Smith, in Encyclopaedia Britannica , Ninth Edition, article “Sacrifice,” vol. xxi. p. 135.

Varro, De agri cultura , i. 2. 19 sq. : “ hoc nomine etiam Athenis in arcem non inigi, praeterquam semel ad necessarium sacrificium. ” By semel Varro probably means once a year.

The force of this inference is greatly weakened, if not destroyed, by a fact which I had overlooked when I wrote this book originally. A goat was sacrificed to Brauronian Artemis at her festival called the Brauronia (Hesychius, s. v. Βραυρωνίοις; compare Im. Bekker's Anecdota Graeca , p. 445, lines 6 sqq. ). As the Brauronian Artemis had a sanctuary on the Acropolis of Athens (Pausanias, i. 23. 7), it seems probable that the goat sacrificed once a year on the Acropolis was sacrificed to her and not to Athena. (Note to Second Edition of The Golden Bough .)

Herodotus, ii. 42.

It is worth noting that Hippolytus, with whom Virbius was identified, is said to have dedicated horses to Aesculapius, who had raised him from the dead (Pausanias, ii. 27. 4).

Festus, ed. C. O. Müller, pp. 178, 179, 220; Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, 97; Polybius, xii. 4 b. The sacrifice is referred to by Julian, Orat. v. p. 176 d (p. 228 ed. F. C. Hertlein). It is the subject of a valuable essay by W. Mannhardt, whose conclusions I summarise in the text. See W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen (Strasburg, 1884), pp. 156-201.

Ovid, Fasti , iv. 731 sqq. , compare 629 sqq. ; Propertius, v. 1. 19 sq.

The Huzuls of the Carpathians attribute a special virtue to a horse's head. They think that fastened on a pole and set up in a garden it protects the cabbages from caterpillars. See R. F. Kaindl, Die Huzulen (Wienna, 1894), p. 102. At the close of the rice-harvest the Garos of Assam celebrate a festival in which the effigy of a horse plays an important part. When the festival is over, the body of the horse is thrown into a stream, but the head is preserved for another year. See Note at the end of the volume.

Above, pp. 9 sq.

Above, vol. i. pp. 268, 272.

Above, vol. i. pp. 141, 155, 156, 158, 160 sq. , 301.

Livy, ii. 5.

Festus, ed. C. O. Müller, pp. 130, 131.

Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum , 2No. 560 (vol. ii. pp. 259-261); Ch. Michel, Recueil d'Inscriptions Grecques (Brussels, 1900), No. 434, pp. 323 sq. ; P. Cauer, Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum propter dialectum memorabilium 2(Leipsic, 1883), No. 177, pp. 117 sq. As to Alectrona or Alectryona, daughter of the Sun, see Diodorus Siculus, v. 65. 5.

Festus, s. v. “October equus,” p. 181 ed. C. O. Müller. See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , i. 315.

G. Zündel, “Land und Volk der Eweer auf der Sclavenküste in West-afrika,” Zeitschrift für Erdkunde zu Berlin , xii. (1877) pp. 415 sq.

Rev. W. Ellis, History of Madagascar (London, preface dated 1838), i. 402 sq.

Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum , 2No. 939 (vol. ii. p. 803).

Pausanias, viii. 37. 7.

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen (Strasburg, 1884), p. 179.

W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin, 1875), p. 205. It is not said that the dough-man is made of the new corn; but probably this is, or once was, the case.

M. Praetorius, Deliciae Prussicae oder Preussische Schaubuhne, im wörtlichen Auszüge aus dem Manuscript herausgegeben von Dr. William Pierson (Berlin, 1871), pp. 60-64; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte (Berlin, 1877), pp. 249 sqq. Mathaeus Praetorius, the author to whom we owe the account in the text, compiled a detailed description of old Lithuanian manners and customs in the latter part of the seventeenth century at the village of Niebudzen, of which he was Protestant pastor. The work, which seems to have occupied him for many years and to have been finished about 1698, exists in manuscript but has never been published in full. Only excerpts from it have been printed by Dr. W. Pierson. Praetorius was born at Memel about 1635 and died in 1707. In the later years of his life he incurred a good deal of odium by joining the Catholic Church.

A. Bezzenberger, Litauische Forschungen (Göttingen, 1882), p. 89.

Simon Grunau, Preussischer Chronik , herausgegeben von Dr. M. Perlbach, i. (Leipsic, 1876) p. 91.