James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 08 of 12)

J. Kohler, “Das Banturecht in Ostafrika,” Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft , xv. (1902) pp. 2, 3.

C. W. Hobley, “Anthropological Studies in Kavirondo and Nandi,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxxiii. (1903) p. 347.

Central Provinces, Ethnographic Survey , II. Draft Articles on Uriya Castes (Allahabad, 1907), p. 16.

C. Creighton, s. v. “Leprosy,” Encyclopaedia Biblica , iii. col. 2766.

2 Kings v. 27; 2 Chronicles xxvi. 16-21.

Leviticus xvi. 23 sq.

Porphyry, De abstinentia , ii. 44. For this and the Jewish examples I am indebted to my friend W. Robertson Smith. Compare his Religion of the Semites , 2pp. 351, 426, 450 sq.

Central Provinces, Ethnographic Survey , VII. Draft Articles on Forest Tribes (Allahabad, 1911), p. 97.

Central Provinces, Ethnographic Survey , I. Draft Articles on Hindustani Castes (Allahabad, 1907), p. 32.

See Taboo and the Perils of the Soul , pp. 133 sq.

Op. cit. pp. 134-136.

E. Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), p. 211; D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857), p. 255; John Mackenzie, Ten Years north of the Orange River (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 135 note. See further Totemism and Exogamy , ii. 372.

J. Mackenzie, l. c.

Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1884), p. 225.

Ibid. p. 275.

G. Turner, Samoa (London, 1884), p. 76.

Ibid. p. 70.

Captain C. Eckford Luard, in Census of India, 1901 , vol. xix. Central India , Part i. (Lucknow, 1902) pp. 299 sq. ; also Census of India, 1901 , vol. i. Ethnographic Appendices (Calcutta, 1903), p. 163.

Diogenes Laertius, Vitae Philosophorum , viii. 8.

Aelian, Nat. Anim. x. 16. The story is repeated by Pliny, Nat. Hist. xviii. 168.

E. Lefébure, Le Mythe Osirien , Première Partie, Les yeux d'Horus (Paris, 1874), p. 44; The Book of the Dead , English translation by E. A. Wallis Budge (London, 1901), ii. 336 sq. , chapter cxii.; E. A. Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians (London, 1904), i. 496 sq. ; id. , Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection (London and New York, 1911), i. 62 sq.

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 8. E. Lefébure ( op. cit. p. 46) recognises that in this story the boar is Typhon himself.

This important principle was first recognised by W. Robertson Smith. See his article, “Sacrifice,” Encyclopaedia Britannica , Ninth Edition, xxi. 137 sq. Compare his Religion of the Semites , 2pp. 373, 410 sq.

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 31.

H. B. Tristram, The Natural History of the Bible , Ninth Edition (London, 1898), pp. 54 sq.

Rev. J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country (London, 1857), pp. 18-20.

Miss A. Werner, The Natives of British Central Africa (London, 1906), pp. 182 sq.

E. Modigliano, Un Viaggio a Nías (Milan, 1890), pp. 524 sq. , 601.

A. E. Jenks, The Bontoc Igorot , (Manilla, 1905), pp. 100, 102.

A. Bastian, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Gebirgs-stämme in Kambodia,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin , i. (1866) p. 44.

G. Snouck Hurgronje, Het Gajōland en zijne Bewoners (Batavia, 1903), p. 348.

Ch. Keysser, “Aus dem Leben der Kaileute,” in R. Neuhauss, Deutsch Neu-Guinea (Berlin, 1911), p. 125.

E. Lefébure, Le Mythe Osirien , Première Partie, Les yeux d'Horus (Paris, 1874), pp. 48 sq.

See above, pp. 260 sq. ; Adonis, Attis, Osiris , Second Edition, pp. 331, 338.

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 33, 73; Diodorus Siculus, i. 88.

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 31; Diodorus Siculus, i. 88. Compare Herodotus, ii. 38.

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 20, 29, 33, 43; Strabo, xvii. 1. 31; Diodorus Siculus, i. 21, 85; Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums , 5i. 55 sqq. On Apis and Mnevis, see also Herodotus, ii. 153, with A. Wiedemann's comment, iii. 27 sq. ; Ammianus Marcellinus, xxii. 14. 7; Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 184 sqq. ; Solinus, xxxii. 17-21; Cicero, De natura deorum , i. 29; Augustine, De civitate Dei , xviii. 5; Aelian, Nat. Anim. xi. 10 sq. ; Plutarch, Quaest. Conviv. viii. 1. 3; id. , Isis et Osiris , 5, 35; Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelii , iii. 13. 1 sq. ; Pausanias, i. 18. 4, vii. 22. 3 sq. ; W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (Leipsic, 1903-1905), Nos. 56, 90 (vol. i. pp. 98, 106, 159). Both Apis and Mnevis were black bulls, but Apis had certain white spots. See A. Wiedemann, Die Religion der alten Aegypter (Münster i. W., 1890), pp. 95, 99-101. When Apis died, pious people used to put on mourning and to fast, drinking only water and eating only vegetables, for seventy days till the burial. See A. Erman, Die ägyptische Religion (Berlin, 1905), pp. 170 sq.

Diodorus Siculus, i. 21.

On the religious reverence of pastoral peoples for their cattle, and the possible derivation of the Apis and Isis-Hathor worship from the pastoral stage of society, see W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites , 2pp. 296 sqq.

Herodotus, ii. 41.

Herodotus, ii. 41, with A. Wiedemann's commentary; Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 19; E. A. Wallis Budge, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection (London and New York, 1911), i. 8. In his commentary on the passage of Herodotus Prof. Wiedemann observes (p. 188) that “the Egyptian name of the Isis-cow is ḥes-t and is one of the few cases in which the name of the sacred animal coincides with that of the deity.”

Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 184; Solinus, xxxii. 18; Ammianus Marcellinus, xxii. 14. 7. The spring or well in which he was drowned was perhaps the one from which his drinking-water was procured; he might not drink the water of the Nile (Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 5).