James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 08 of 12)

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xii. 3; Martianus Capella, ii. 167; Augustine, De civitate Dei , xv. 23; Aurelius Victor, Origo gentis Romanae , iv. 6.

Servius on Virgil, Ecl. vi. 14; Ovid, Metam. vi. 392 sq. ; Martianus Capella, ii. 167.

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus , pp. 138 sq. ; id. , Antike Wald- und Feldkulte , p. 145.

Servius on Virgil, Georg. i. 10.

Above, vol. i. pp. 281 sqq.

Antike Wald- und Feldkulte , ch. iii. pp. 113-211. In the text I have allowed my former exposition of Mannhardt's theory as to ancient semi-goat-shaped spirits of vegetation to stand as before, but I have done so with hesitation, because the evidence adduced in its favour appears to me insufficient to permit us to speak with any confidence on the subject. Pan may have been, as W. H. Roscher and L. R. Farnell think, nothing more than a herdsman's god, the semi-human, semi-bestial representative of goats in particular. See W. H. Roscher's Lexikon der griech. und röm. Mythologie , iii. 1405 sq. ; L. R. Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States , v. (Oxford, 1909) pp. 431 sqq. And the Satyrs and Silenuses seem to have more affinity with horses than with goats. See W. H. Roscher's Lexikon der griech. und röm. Mythologie , iv. 444 sqq.

Above, vol. i. pp. 231 sqq.

Above, vol. i. pp. 17 sq.

Above, vol. i. pp. 16 sq.

Above, vol. i. pp. 288 sqq.

A. Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion , 2ii. 252.

Compare Totemism and Exogamy , iv. 12 sqq.

Pausanias, i. 24. 4; id. , i. 28. 10; Porphyry, De abstinentia , ii. 29 sq. ; Aelian, Var. Hist. viii. 3; Scholia on Aristophanes, Peace , 419, and Clouds , 985; Hesychius, Suidas, and Etymologicum Magnum , s. v. βούφονια; Suidas, s. v. Θαύλων; Im. Bekker's Anecdota Graeca (Berlin, 1814-1821), p. 238, s. v. Δυπόλια. The date of the sacrifice (14th Skirophorion) is given by the Scholiast on Aristophanes and the Etymologicum Magnum ; and this date corresponds, according to W. Mannhardt ( Mythologische Forschungen , p. 68), with the close of the threshing in Attica. No writer mentions the trial of both the axe and the knife. Pausanias speaks of the trial of the axe, Porphyry and Aelian of the trial of the knife. But from Porphyry's description it is clear that the slaughter was carried out by two men, one wielding an axe and the other a knife, and that the former laid the blame on the latter. Perhaps the knife alone was condemned. That the King (as to whom see The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , i. 44 sq. ) presided at the trial of all lifeless objects, is mentioned by Aristotle ( Constitution of Athens , 57) and Julius Pollux (viii. 90, compare viii. 120).

The real import of the name bouphonia was first perceived by W. Robertson Smith. See his Religion of the Semites , 2pp. 304 sqq. In Cos also an ox specially chosen was sacrificed to Zeus Polieus. See Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum , 2No. 616; Ch. Michel, Recueil d'Inscriptions Grecques , No. 716; H. Collitz und F. Bechtel, Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften , iii. pp. 357 sqq. , No. 3636; J. de Prott et L. Ziehen, Leges Graecorum Sacrae e Titulis collectae , Fasciculus i. (Leipsic, 1896) pp. 19 sqq. , No. 5; M. P. Nilsson, Griechische Feste (Leipsic, 1906), pp. 17-21. A month Bouphonion, corresponding to the Attic Boedromion (September), occurred in the calendars of Delos and Tenos. See E. Bischoff, “De fastis Graecorum antiquioribus,” in Leipziger Studien für classische Philologie , vii. (Leipsic, 1884) p. 414.

Varro, De re rustica , ii. 5. 4. Compare Columella, De re rustica , vi. praef. § 7. Perhaps, however, Varro's statement may be merely an inference drawn from the ritual of the bouphonia and the legend told to explain it.

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus , p. 409.

See The Dying God , p. 208.

Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum 2(Leipsic, 1898-1901), vol. ii. pp. 246-248, No. 553. As to the identification of the Magnesian month Artemision with the Attic month Thargelion (May), see Dittenberger, op. cit. ii. p. 242, No. 552 note 4. It is interesting to observe that at Magnesia the sowing took place in Cronion, the month of Cronus, a god whom the ancients regularly identified with Saturn, the Italian god of sowing. In Samos, Perinthus, and Patmos, however, the month Cronion seems to have been equivalent to the Attic Scirophorion, a month corresponding to June or July, which could never have been a season of sowing in the hot rainless summers of Greece. See E. Bischoff, “De fastis Graecarum antiquioribus,” in Leipziger Studien für classische Philologie , vii. (1884) p. 400; Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum , 2No. 645 note 14, vol. ii. p. 449.

In thus interpreting the sacrifice of the bull at Magnesia I follow the excellent exposition of Professor M. P. Nilsson, Griechische Feste (Leipsic, 1906), pp. 23-27.

See above, vol. i. pp. 36 sq. , 65 sqq.

H. Hecquard, Reise an die Küste und in das Innere von West-Afrika (Leipsic, 1854), pp. 41-43.

See above, vol. i. p. 248.

Above, vol. i. pp. 268, 272.

Franz Cumont, Textes et Monuments figurés relatifs aux Mystères de Mithra (Brussels, 1896-1899), ii. figures 18, 19, 20, 59 (p. 228, corn-stalks issuing from wound), 67, 70, 78, 87, 105, 143, 168, 215, also plates v. and vi.

China Review , i. (July 1872 to June 1873, Hongkong), pp. 62, 154, 162, 203 sq. ; Rev. J. Doolittle, Social Life of the Chinese , ed. Paxton Hood (London, 1868), pp. 375 sq. ; Rev. J. H. Gray, China (London, 1878), ii. 115 sq.

Ostasiatischer Lloyd , March 14, 1890, quoted by J. D. E. Schmeltz, “Das Pflugfest in China,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie , xi. (1898) p. 79. With this account the one given by S. W. Williams ( The Middle Kingdom , New York and London, 1848, ii. 109) substantially agrees. In many districts, according to the Ostasiatischer Lloyd , the Genius of Spring is represented at this festival by a boy of blameless character, clad in green. As to the custom of going with one foot bare and the other shod, see Taboo and the Perils of the Soul , pp. 311-313.

R. F. Johnston, Lion and Dragon in Northern China (London, 1910), pp. 180-182.

Ed. Chavannes, Le T'ai Chan, Essai de Monographie d'un Culte Chinois (Paris, 1910), p. 500 ( Annales du Musée Guimet, Bibliothèque d'Études , vol. xxi.).