James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (London, 1906), ii. 110.

The Rev. J. Roscoe, in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, May 26, 1904.

T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, Voyage d'exploration (Paris, 1842), p. 291; Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir , pp. 83, 303; id. , Savage Childhood , p. 69. In the last passage Mr. Kidd tells us that “the mat was not held up in the sun, but was placed in the hut at the marked-off portion where the itongo or ancestral spirit was supposed to live; and the fate of the man was divined, not by the length of the shadow, but by its strength .”

Theocritus, i. 15 sqq. ; Philostratus, Heroic. i. 3; Porphyry, De antro nympharum , 26; Lucan, iii. 423 sqq. ; Drexler, s. v. “Meridianus daemon,” in Roscher's Lexikon der griech. und röm. Mythologie , ii. 2832 sqq. ; Bernard Schmidt, Das Volksleben der Neugriechen , pp. 94 sqq. , 119 sq. ; Georgeakis et Pineau, Folk-lore de Lesbos , p. 342; A. de Nore, Coutumes, mythes, et traditions des provinces de France , pp. 214 sq. ; J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie , 4ii. 972; C. L. Rochholz, Deutscher Glaube und Brauch , i. 62 sqq. ; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest , i. 331; “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IIme Série, ii. (1834) p. 180; N. von Stenin, “Die Permier,” Globus , lxxi. (1897) p. 374; D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door die Javanen worden in acht genomen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap , xlix. (1905) p. 257.

Schol. on Aristophanes, Frogs , 293.

Pausanias, viii. 38. 6; Polybius, xvi. 12. 7; Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae , 39.

Th. Vernaleken, Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Österreich , p. 341; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Das festliche Jahr , p. 401; A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube , 2p. 207, § 314.

M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië , xlv. (1895) p. 459.

J. H. Weeks, “Notes on some Customs of the Lower Congo People,” Folk-lore , xix. (1908) p. 422.

B. Schmidt, Das Volksleben der Neugriechen (Leipsic, 1871), pp. 196 sq.

Georgeakis et Pineau, Folk-lore de Lesbos , pp. 346 sq.

A. Strausz, Die Bulgaren (Leipsic, 1898), p. 199; W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People , p. 127.

W. Schmidt, Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1866), p. 27; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest , ii. 17 sq. Compare F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven , p. 161.

Mgr. Bruguière, in Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi , v. (1831) pp. 164 sq. ; Pallegoix, Description du royaume Thai ou Siam , ii. 50-52.

A. Fytche, Burma, Past and Present (London, 1878), i. 251 note.

On such practices in general, see E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture , 2i. 104 sqq. ; F. Liebrecht, Zur Volkskunde , pp. 284-296; F. S. Krauss, “Der Bauopfer bei den Südslaven,” Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien , xvii. (1887) pp. 16-24; P. Sartori, “Über das Bauopfer,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie , xxx. (1898) pp. 1-54; E. Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (London, 1906-1908), i. 461 sqq. For some special evidence, see H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda , pp. 363 sqq. (as to ancient India); Sonnerat, Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine , ii. 47 (as to Pegu); Guerlach, “Chez les sauvages Bahnars,” Missions Catholiques , xvi. (1884) p. 82 (as to the Sedans of Cochin-China); W. H. Furness, Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters , p. 3 (as to the Kayans and Kenyahs of Burma); A. C. Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap , xlii. (1898) p. 56 note (as to central Celebes); L. Hearn, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (London, 1894), i. 148 sq. ; H. Ternaux-Compans, Essai sur l'ancien Cundinamarca , p. 70 (as to the Indians of Colombia). These customs are commonly called foundation-sacrifices. But the name is inappropriate, as Prof. H. Oldenberg has rightly observed, since they are not sacrifices but charms.

D. F. van Braam Morris, in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde , xxxiv. (1891) p. 224.

J. H. de Vries, “Reis door eenige eilandgroepen der Residentie Amboina,” Tijdschrift van het koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap , Tweedie Serie, xvii. (1900) pp. 612 sq.

E. H. Mann, Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands , p. 94.

T. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians , 2i. 241. However, the late Mr. Lorimer Fison wrote to me that this reported belief in a bright soul and a dark soul “is one of Williams' absurdities. I inquired into it on the island where he was, and found that there was no such belief. He took the word for ‘shadow,’ which is a reduplication of yalo , the word for soul, as meaning the dark soul. But yaloyalo does not mean the soul at all. It is not part of a man as his soul is. This is made certain by the fact that it does not take the possessive suffix yalo-na = his soul; but nona yaloyalo = his shadow. This settles the question beyond dispute. If yaloyalo were any kind of soul, the possessive form would be yaloyalona ” (letter dated August 26, 1898).

James Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea (London, 1887), p. 170.

Father Lambert, Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 45 sq.

M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië , xlv. (1895) p. 462.

B. de Sahagun, Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne (Paris, 1880), p. 314. The Chinese hang brass mirrors over the idols in their houses, because it is thought that evil spirits entering the house and seeing themselves in the mirrors will be scared away ( China Review , ii. 164).

G. Vuillier, “Chez les magiciens et les sorciers de la Corrèze,” Tour du monde , N.S. v. (1899) pp. 522, 524.

H. Callaway, Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus (Natal and London, 1868), p. 342.

T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, Voyage d'exploration au nord-est de la colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance , p. 12; T. Lindsay Fairclough, “Notes on the Basuto,” Journal of the African Society , No. 14 (January 1905), p. 201.