James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 07 of 12)

Rev. F. Mason, D.D., “Physical Character of the Karens,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal , New Series, No. cxxxi. (Calcutta, 1866), pp. 9 sq.

Servius on Virgil, Georg. i. 166: “ Et vannus Iacchi… Mystica autem Bacchi ideo ait, quod Liberi patris sacra ad purgationem animae pertinebant: et sic homines ejus mysteriis purgabantur, sicut vannis frumenta purgantur. ”

W. Mannhardt, “Kind und Korn,” Mythologische Forschungen (Strasburg, 1884), pp. 351-374.

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. pp. 351 sqq.

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 372, citing A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volks-aberglaube 2(Berlin, 1869), p. 339, § 543; L. Strackerjan, Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg (Oldenburg, 1867), i. 81.

Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche (St. Petersburg, 1854), p. 61. This custom is also cited by Mannhardt ( l. c. ).

Miss J. E. Harrison, “Mystica Vannus Iacchi,” Journal of Hellenic Studies , xxiii. (1903) pp. 296 sqq. ; id. , Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion , 2pp. 518 sqq. ; L. R. Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States , v. (Oxford, 1909) p. 243.

Herodotus, ii. 48, 49; Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. ii. 34, pp. 29-30, ed. Potter; Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum , 2No. 19, vol. i. p. 32; M. P. Nilsson, Studia de Dionysiis Atticis (Lund, 1900), pp. 90 sqq. ; L. R. Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States , v. 125, 195, 205.

Augustine, De civitate Dei , vii. 21.

Nonnus, Dionys. vi. 155-205.

Firmicus Maternus, De errore profanarum religionum , 6.

Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. ii. 17. Compare Ch. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus , pp. 1111 sqq.

Proclus on Plato, Cratylus , p. 59, quoted by E. Abel, Orphica , p. 228. Compare Chr. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus , pp. 552 sq.

Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. ii. 19. Compare id. ii. 22; Scholiast on Lucian, Dial. Meretr. vii. p. 280, ed. H. Rabe.

Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. ii. 18; Proclus on Plato's Timaeus , iii. p. 200 d, quoted by Lobeck, Aglaophamus , p. 562, and by Abel, Orphica , p. 234. Others said that the mangled body was pieced together, not by Apollo but by Rhea (Cornutus, Theologiae Graecae Compendium , 30).

Ch. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus , pp. 572 sqq. See The Dying God , p. 3. For a conjectural restoration of the temple, based on ancient authorities and an examination of the scanty remains, see an article by J. H. Middleton, in Journal of Hellenic Studies , ix. (1888) pp. 282 sqq. The ruins of the temple have now been completely excavated by the French.

S. Clemens Romanus, Recognitiones , x. 24 (Migne's Patrologia Graeca , i. col. 1434).

Diodorus Siculus, iii. 62.

Macrobius, Comment. in Somn. Scip. i. 12. 12; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini tres Romae nuper reperti (commonly referred to as Mythographi Vaticani ), ed. G. H. Bode (Cellis, 1834), iii. 12. 5, p. 246; Origen, Contra Celsum , iv. 17 (vol. i. p. 286, ed. P. Koetschau).

Himerius, Orat. ix. 4.

Proclus, Hymn to Minerva , quoted by Ch. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus , p. 561; Orphica , ed. E. Abel, p. 235.

Hyginus, Fabulae , 167.

The festivals of Dionysus were biennial in many places. See G. F. Schömann, Griechische Alterthümer , 4ii. 524 sqq. (The terms for the festival were τριετηρίς, τριετηρικός, both terms of the series being included in the numeration, in accordance with the ancient mode of reckoning.) Perhaps the festivals were formerly annual and the period was afterwards lengthened, as has happened with other festivals. See W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus , pp. 172, 175, 491, 533 sq. , 598. Some of the festivals of Dionysus, however, were annual. Dr. Farnell has conjectured that the biennial period in many Greek festivals is to be explained by “the original shifting of land-cultivation which is frequent in early society owing to the backwardness of the agricultural processes; and which would certainly be consecrated by a special ritual attached to the god of the soil.” See L. R. Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States , v. 180 sq.

Firmicus Maternus, De errore profanarum religionum , 6.

Mythographi Vaticani , ed. G. H. Bode, iii. 12. 5, p. 246.

Plutarch, Consol. ad uxor. 10. Compare id. , Isis et Osiris , 35; id. , De E Delphico , 9; id. , De esu carnium , i. 7.

Pausanias, ii. 31. 2 and 37. 5; Apollodorus, Bibliotheca , iii. 5. 3.

Pausanias, ii. 37. 5 sq. ; Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 35; id. , Quaest. Conviv. iv. 6. 2.

Himerius, Orat. iii. 6, xiv. 7.

For Dionysus in this capacity see F. Lenormant in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines , i. 632. For Osiris, see Adonis, Attis, Osiris , Second Edition, pp. 344 sq.

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 35; id. , Quaest. Graec. 36; Athenaeus, xi. 51, p. 476 a; Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. ii. 16; Orphica , Hymn xxx. vv. 3, 4, xlv. 1, lii. 2, liii. 8; Euripides, Bacchae , 99; Scholiast on Aristophanes, Frogs , 357; Nicander, Alexipharmaca , 31; Lucian, Bacchus , 2. The title Εἰραφιώτης applied to Dionysus ( Homeric Hymns , xxxiv. 2; Porphyry, De abstinentia , iii. 17; Dionysius, Perieg. 576; Etymologicum Magnum , p. 371. 57) is etymologically equivalent to the Sanscrit varsabha , “a bull,” as I was informed by my lamented friend the late R. A. Neil of Pembroke College, Cambridge.

Euripides, Bacchae , 920 sqq. , 1017; Nonnus, Dionys. vi. 197 sqq.

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris , 35; Athenaeus, xi. 51, p. 476 a.

Diodorus Siculus, iii. 64. 2, iv. 4. 2; Cornutus, Theologiae Graecae Compendium , 30.

Diodorus Siculus, iii. 64. 2; J. Tzetzes, Schol. on Lycophron , 209, 1236; Philostratus, Imagines , i. 14 (15).

Müller-Wieseler, Denkmäler der alten Kunst , ii. pl. xxxiii.; Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines , i. 619 sq. , 631; W. H. Roscher, Lexikon d. griech. u. röm. Mythologie , i. 1149 sqq. ; F. Imhoof-Blumer, “Coin-types of some Kilikian Cities,” Journal of Hellenic Studies , xviii. (1898) p. 165.