Gao Xingjian - One Man

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One Man's Bible is the second novel by Nobel Prize-winning author Gao Xingjian to appear in English. Following on the heels of his highly praised Soul Mountain , this later work is as candid as the first, and written with the same grace and beauty.
In a Hong Kong hotel room in 1996, Gao Xingjian's lover, Marguerite, stirs up his memories of childhood and early adult life under the shadow of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution. Gao has been living in self-imposed exile in France and has traveled to this Western-influenced Chinese city-state, so close to his homeland, for the staging of one of his plays.
What follows is a fictionalized account of Gao Xingjian's life under the Communist regime. Whether in "beehive" offices in Beijing or in isolated rural towns, daily life is riddled with paranoia and fear, as revolutionaries, counterrevolutionaries, reactionaries, counterreactionaries, and government propaganda turn citizens against one another. It is a place where a single sentence spoken ten years earlier can make one an enemy of the state. Gao evokes the spiritual torture of political and intellectual repression in graphic detail, including the heartbreaking betrayals he suffers in his relationships with women and men alike.
One Man's Bible is a profound meditation on the essence of writing, on exile, on the effects of political oppression on the human spirit, and on how the human spirit can triumph.
***
One Man's Bible belongs to that sad class of books sold on the strength of their authors having won a prize. But a prize is rather a thin argument for reading it, especially in a wooden English translation. Does one want to know more about Gao Xingjian than his first novel translated into English, Soul Mountain, told? That book had just enough exotic colour to survive its translation; from its portentous title onwards, One Man's Bible has much less going for it. It needs more story, structure, people, situations, atmosphere, ideas – anything strong enough to come through the obscuring veil of alien words.
When, in 2001, Gao became the first Chinese writer to win a Nobel prize for literature, it came as a surprise. The Chinese literary bureaucrats – today's counterparts of the strange Soviet creatures in Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita – had long been pushing for one of their trusties to win. Gao was certainly not one of those, but neither was he prominent in any of the exiled literary cliques. Since being driven to leave China in the 1980s he had been living in France, writing supposedly experimental, sub-Beckettian plays with Chinese characteristics that some critics in the Chinese-speaking world thought worth discussing. These plays also suited small, subsidised European theatre companies in search of uncommercial exotica full of the timeless wisdom of the east. While still in China, Gao was best known for Bus Stop, a one-acter about people waiting for a bus that never came. What delighted audiences and infuriated the authorities when the play appeared some 20 years ago was its apparent implied message: the never-arriving bus was the wonderful future that the regime promised but could not deliver.
Soul Mountain was fiction in the form of an autobiography (or vice versa) that told a fragmented tale of a writer on the run in the wilder reaches of the Yangtze valley. The background chimed with Gao's own flight from the thought police, as well as being a celebration of "authentic" China surviving 40 years of the party state in remote and picturesque areas. There was quite a lot of sex, too.
One Man's Bible also invites us to read its central character, again an author, as an alter ego of Gao's. As he looks back from cosmopolitan exile in the present – the book was written in the late 1990s – on his life in China, this author makes much of feeling uncomfortable, and wallows in sententiousness. The book starts with a bourgeois childhood before the Communists seized power in 1949 (when the real Gao was eight or nine), moving on to his family's and his own troubles in the unending series of political campaigns that ran through the Mao era and its aftermath. Much of it deals with the cultural revolution, with our hero as participant as well as victim in a hellish process, and with how all this made him what he is now. Between the earlier life and the recent past there is a gap where Soul Mountain might fit.
Like Gao, the central figure in One Man's Bible is an exile based in France who writes fiction and drama in his own language. He enjoys the freedom not to be caught up in politics, and wonders how he came to be what he is. Invitations to events on the international cultural circuit give us scenes in Hong Kong, Sydney, New York, Perpignan and elsewhere, all of which are much the same. None of it seems to matter very much in comparison with the seriously deranged political movements of his youth which, though hindsight tells him they were wrong, he savours the discomfort of remembering.
If Soul Mountain explored China and Chineseness, One Man's Bible is all about enjoying feeling guilty, but not too guilty. It is about not being at home anywhere, not even in your own skin, and making the best of it; about the middle-aged worry over what you were when you were younger. As the central figure looks back over his life, he tries to accept the great realisation that it hasn't meant anything. Yet for all his attempts to be sophisticated, he can't help but feel disappointed at the pointlessness of life. He has not got over the Maoist urge to preach, though it is now a different sermon.
In the past 20 years, having a hard time under the Communist party dictatorship has been the stuff of a commercially flourishing genre of autobiographical writing in English by people, especially women, who have got out. Gao is not into that sort of soppy stuff. His fiction has rather more in common with a newer popular sub-genre of Chinese fiction for foreign readers: unillusioned fucklit, by younger women writers. The China his central character has left was an awful place, but one that gave him access to plenty of women's bodies. The west has given him freedom and more women for his bed, but not happiness or meaning. It has allowed him to hold forth on life and art, even if what he has to say is banal.
As a self-conscious follower of European modernism, Gao does not give us this fictional life in a chronological sequence. He assumes that readers can find their way through the cut-up narrative of the cultural revolution, picking up references as Chinese people of his generation will be able to. Yet most foreigners will simply be confused. They are more likely to follow the novel through the unending couplings with which its subject tries to fill the voids in his past and present lives. We start with a German-Jewish woman in Hong Kong, where one of his plays is being staged. There is another in France, and others collected elsewhere on his travels, as well as the various sexual partners in his earlier life in China. But on the whole, the bodies do not seem to have brains.
The ideas in One Man's Bible are commonplace, its characters are ciphers, and it is not redeemed by wit, grace or self-mockery. Its solipsism is banal. I hope we will not have to endure a third novel in this series on the splendours and miseries of being a Nobel prize-winner.
WJF Jenner is a translator and expert on Chinese writing.

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You are a renegade, Liu so-and-so, because your class instincts are taking advantage of this movement. By confusing black with white to deceive the masses, you have jumped out to target the Party Center. You harbor evil motives!"

This inflammatory call for revolutionary action was intimidating.

His immediate boss, Old Liu, thus relegated to a different class from everyone, was instantly isolated; he left the crowd around the poster, returned to his department-chief office, and shut the door. When he reemerged, he was no longer smoking his pipe, and no one dared to greet this former department chief.

After a full night of warfare, it had started to get light. He went to the lavatory and washed his face. The cold water revived him and he looked through the window into the distance at the stretch of gray-black roof tiles. People were probably still asleep and dreaming.

Only the round top of the White Pagoda had been tinted by dawn and was becoming more and more distinct. For the first time it occurred to him that he probably was a concealed enemy, and if he wanted to go on living he would have to wear a mask.

"Please be careful of the carriage door, the next station is Admiralty." This had been spoken first in Cantonese and then in English.

You had dozed off and gone past your station. The underground in Hong Kong is cleaner than it is in Paris, and Hong Kong and Hong Kong people are orderly, compared to Mainlanders. You will have to get off at the next stop to go back the other way so that you can return to the hotel for a nap. Tonight you don't know where you will wake up, but it will be in a bed with a foreign woman. You are irredeemable. Now you are not just the enemy, you are careering toward hell. However, memories for him were hell.

8

"Why don't you tell me about that Chinese girl of yours? How is she?" Margarethe puts down her glass of wine and raises her long black eyelashes, thick with mascara, to look at you across the small round table.

"I don't know, I suppose she's still in China," you mumble, trying to avoid the question.

"Why don't you get her out? Don't you ever think about her?"

Her eyes are fixed on you.

"That was ten years ago, what's the point of bringing it up? If it's not brought up, then it's forgotten." You try to say this nonchalantly. What you want right now is to be romantic with her.

"Then how is it that you remembered me? That night, the first night we met in your home?"

It's hard to say, sometimes the smallest incident remains clear, yet some other times I can't remember the names of people I know well, and sometimes I can't remember what I had been doing for many years-"

'Have you also forgotten her name?"

"Margarethe!" You squeeze her hand and say, "Memories are depressing, let's talk about something else."

"Not necessarily, there are also happy memories, especially of people one has loved."

"Of course, but it's best to forget what is in the past." You, in fact, can't think of the girl's name and can, instead, only recall pain. Her voice and face have also become blurred.

"Will you forget me, too?"

"When you're so vibrant, so full of life, how could I forget you?" You look at her eyes under her thick eyelashes, trying to change the subject.

"But her, you're not saying that she wasn't?" She doesn't avoid your eyes and looks directly at you as she says, "She was so young, delicate, lovely, and so sexy. She was sitting right in front of me, clutching her skirt around her legs, the front of her dress hung low and she clearly had nothing on underneath. It was in China, at that time, so it left a very deep impression."

"When you were knocking on the door, we were probably making love." Your lips part in a smile, it is best not to be too serious.

"You'll forget me just the same, and before many years." She pulls her hand back.

"But this is different, it's different!" you retort, unable to think of what to say, and not saying anything intelligent.

"For men, it doesn't matter which woman's body it is. It's all the same thing."

"No!"

But what can you say? Every woman wants to prove she's different and in that hopeless battle in bed, tries to find love in lust, always thinking that after the physical lust passes something will remain.

In this very fashionable Bar 97 on this little street in Lan Kwai Fong you sit facing her. You are close but there is a small round table between you, and you are trying to catch her eye. Loud rock music is playing, and the howling is in English. White clothing glows in the dark-blue fluorescent lights. The men with ties, mixing drinks behind the counter, and the hostesses are all tall Westerners. Margarethe, dressed all in black, is barely visible except for her bright red lipstick that shines and looks purple in the fluorescent lights. She seems unreal and is utterly stunning.

"Is it simply because I'm a Western woman?" She is staring at you with a slight frown and her voice seems to be coming from far away.

"No, it's not simply because you're a Western woman. How can I put it, you're in every sense a woman whereas she was still a girl."

You seem to be lighthearted and joking.

"How else are we different?" She seems determined to find out everything.

In her unflinching gaze you detect something devious, and say, "She didn't know how to draw in, she could only give but didn't know how to enjoy…"

"Of course, the woman would come to know, sooner or later…" She stops looking at you, and her eyelashes, heavy with mascara, lower.

You think of her pulsating body, stiff but yielding, her moistness, her warmth, and her breathlessness, that all arouse your lust, and you fiercely say you're thinking of her again.

"No!" She cuts you short. "It's not me you are thinking about but her. You are only seeking compensation from my body."

"How can you say this, you are truly beautiful!"

I don't believe you." She looks down and turns the glass with the tips of her fingers. This little movement is very seductive. She looks up and smiles, revealing the gully between her breasts that had been blocked by the shadow of her head, and says, "I'm too fat."

You start to say no but she stops you, "I'm quite aware of it."

"Aware of what?"

"I hate this body of mine." She suddenly turns frosty again, has a sip of wine, and says, "All right, you don't understand me, you don't know anything of my past and my life."

"Then tell me about it!" you coax her. "Of course I want to understand, I want to know everything, everything about you."

"No, all you want is to have sex with me."

All right, you can only try to wheedle your way out. "There's nothing bad about that, people have to go on living, the important thing is to be living in this instant. What has happened is in the past, there has to be a clean break."

"But there can't be a clean break. No, there can't be!" she insists.

"What if I have?" You wince. She is a serious woman, she was probably good at mathematics in middle school.

"No, you can't cut off memories, they remain submerged in your heart and from time to time they gush out. Of course, it's painful, but it can also give you strength."

You say that memories may give her strength but for you they are the same as nightmares.

"Dreams aren't real but memories are events that have actually happened and can't be erased." This is how she argues.

"Of course, and moreover, they haven't necessarily gone into the past." You give a sigh, and go along with her argument.

"They can resurface any time if you don't guard against them.

Fascism is like that. If no one talks about it, doesn't expose it, doesn't condemn it, it can come back to life again!" She becomes agitated as she speaks and it is as if the suffering of each and every Jew weighs upon her.

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