Ghita Schwarz - Displaced Persons

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Moving from the Allied zones of postwar Germany to New York City, an astonishing novel of grief and anger, memory and survival witnessed through the experiences of "displaced persons" struggling to remake their lives in the decades after World War II
In May 1945, Pavel Mandl, a Polish Jew recently liberated from a concentration camp, lands near a displaced persons camp in the British occupation zone of newly defeated Germany. Alone, possessing nothing but a map, a few tins of food, a toothbrush, and his identity papers, he must scrape together a new life in a chaotic community of refugees, civilians, and soldiers.
Gifted with a talent for black-market trading, Pavel soon procures clothing, false documents, and a modest house, where he installs himself and a pair of fellow refugees – Fela, a young widow who fled Poland for Russia at the outset of the war, and Chaim, a resourceful teenage boy whose smuggling skills have brought him to the Western zones. The trio soon form a makeshift family, searching for surviving relatives, railing against their circumscribed existence, and dreaming of visas to America.
Fifteen years later, haunted by decisions they made as "DPs," Pavel and Fela are married and living in Queens with their young son and daughter, and Chaim has recently emigrated from Israel with his wife, Sima. Pavel opens a small tailoring shop with his scheming brother-in-law while Fela struggles to establish peace in a loosely traditional household; Chaim and Sima adapt cheerfully to American life and its promise of freedom from a brutal past. Their lives are no longer dominated by the need to endure, fight, hide, or escape. Instead, they grapple with past trauma in everyday moments: taking the children to the municipal pool, shopping for liquor, arguing with landlords.
For decades, Pavel, Fela, and Chaim battle over memory and identity on the sly, within private groups of survivors. But as the Iron Curtain falls in the 1990s, American society starts to embrace the tragedy as a cultural commodity, and survivor politics go public. Clever and stubborn, tyrannical and generous, Pavel, Fela, and Chaim articulate the self-conscious strivings of an immigrant community determined to write its own history, on its own terms.
In Displaced Persons, Ghita Schwarz reveals the interior despairs and joys of immigrants shaped by war – ordinary men and women who have lived through cataclysmic times – and illuminates changing cultural understandings of trauma and remembrance.

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Yes, they were stupid. Sometimes I myself do not believe it was true.

Maybe you did not believe, but they believed. They knew it was true before any trials, Pavele. So! Only Jews are willing to put in the time to search out and punish.

Pavel stubbed out his cigarette in the ashtray, lit another. What had Hinda said to him once? If you came out of camp, you came out punished. Kuba had told something like this to her. But Pavel did not want to have come out punished. He did not think he had. Punished! She was using it as an excuse for Marek, that thief, no words were enough to describe him, every time Pavel heard the man’s name evidence of another crime came out, attempted murder, thievery, now blackmail. Could one be punished before one had committed crimes instead of after? Did Marek commit his crimes to justify the earlier punishment and suffering? Was that what Hinda was trying to say?

But why have compassion for Marek and not for her own brother? When Hinda looked at Pavel he knew she saw a broken face and a crippled body. He wanted to laugh at her-could she not see how strong he still was, how his children thought he could lift a building? But something in her face when she looked at him-he did not like it. And yet here she was, full of pity for Marek, the man who had made Pavel this way.

Stealing from one’s own people-was that not a bigger crime, well, perhaps not bigger, not as big, but still, it was enormous, it was unexplainable-and for Marek to do this next thing to Kuba, the lying, like stealing from a brother! Almost worse than the original injury to Pavel. Imagine Fishl doing this, or Yidl Sheinbaum, who had sent them their largest customer not too long ago. It was impossible. One did not have to cripple another to walk straight oneself. That was American business. One got ahead, yes, but by stealing from others? By blackmail? A young man had gone to see his aunt in the Russian zone, had kissed the last remaining evidence of his mother’s blood-line, and another man had accused this pitifully small family reunion, a reunion of two, of being a front for communism. Enough to ruin a family.

If he could make all his own personal trials, Marek Rembishevski would be one of the accused. Not the first, not the priority, that honor would belong not just to the grand leaders who made paper orders but also to the specific soldiers and guards and commandants, who had done what he still did not know to his brothers, his baby sister, his father, even his stepmother, poor woman. His cousins, his aunts, his uncles. His girlfriend-how long since he had thought of her, a curvaceous girl who liked sweets-he could make his own long list of the accused, and if Marek were not at the top of the list, he was not at the bottom either. Even Kresser, that tormentor, that shame upon his people-but Pavel did not even like to think the name. No, Marek was not at the bottom of the list. Pavel felt the smoke from his cigarette burn against his ribs. Could a person really be so confused that he could mistake theft from a fellow Jew after the liberation for the fighting for food and blankets during the war? That was the first question Pavel would ask at Marek’s interrogation. A simple question. Could a person really be so confused? That was what a trial was for, to ask the questions and await the painful answers. Pavel wanted to know how Marek would answer. It would make him feel better to know.

Hinda did not ask questions. She did not feel better from the news of the trial in Israel. She felt sick, just as sick as some of the times before. Fela too did not seem so happy. After the children got up from dinner each evening she watched Pavel read the same news stories over and over, until he could memorize the passages in English, not leaving the room until the table and sink and counter were spotless and he picked up the telephone again to call Fishl.

Perhaps Fela worried he would pass down his thoughts to his children. But even if they kept their pact to keep the children away from the suffering, it was all right for them to know something of history. A public event like a trial-he knew at least Larry talked of it in Hebrew school. If Larry would ask questions, Pavel would answer. This he and Fela had agreed they would do. His nephews asked questions, mentioned Kuba’s exploits in the war. They thought their father a hero, a soldier who had fought and resisted while living in plain sight, on Aryan papers. And Kuba had been wounded. It was not so bad to pass down an example to the children. Hinda tried in her own way. She tried to teach her sons polite words and taught Larry and Helen too. She spoke slowly to them, in careful English. Pavel’s English was also careful. Better than Fela’s, he sometimes thought. It made him proud and ashamed at the same time. It wasn’t just the grammar that he mastered better, it was the tone and inflection. His English retained a hint of German underneath the Polish accent, but Fela’s had a strong Eastern sound, the consonants exaggerated, the vowels round and mournful. He understood, from the way his American cousins spoke to him and the way they spoke to his wife, that this small difference gave him a kind of prestige. Hinda understood this too, and so her resentment of Fela only grew with time. Why couldn’t Fela turn her words around? It seemed to Pavel that Hinda thought of Fela’s accent as a personal affront, an attempt to keep down the whole family.

And of course Pavel’s reluctance to move the business, to expand, caused more problems. There had been a period in Pavel’s life when any risk, no matter how wild, any successful effort to organize merchandise or food had given him its own reward, a kind of happiness, almost physical, the way he used to feel as an adolescent kicking a soccer ball or even as an adult, hopping off his bicycle at the house in Celle, or in the middle of the night, after lovemaking with Fela. But now he did not feel it. He did not feel anything like it.

His children were provided for now, and to take out a big loan from a bank that could make it all go bad, he could not see the purpose. Pavel’s family had a clean, bright apartment. His children wore new clothes and went to Hebrew school. Never had they felt the fear that so many did, that if they became poor, or sick, they could be deported back to Poland. Perhaps Kuba wanted to pass down a big business to his children. But Pavel would pass down something more. His son would be something big, a doctor or a lawyer, and his daughter would be elegant and educated, a teacher perhaps, with beautiful children. He would pass down something more.

PAVEL WOKE UP AGAIN a minute before his alarm clock buzzed, the heat knocking at the radiator. Had he slept more than three hours? He thought so. And then the two before the dream. Not so terrible.

It was still dark. In the kitchen he took a few quick puffs on his cigarette before wrapping himself in his tefillin. After praying and removing the tefillin, he cut six oranges and squeezed the halves over the juice dish. Helen did not like the pulp. He poured half the juice through a sifter into a glass for her and poured the thicker half into a glass for Larry. Then he came back into the bedroom for his shower.

He took off his robe and turned the shower on, waited for it to grow warm. Perhaps it was time to discuss a move. A bank officer would again visit, they would show him the merchandise, explain the ideas for branching into finer textiles and handmade suits, the officer would be young and healthy, would call Kuba Jake and Pavel Paul, full of enthusiasm until they began to discuss in earnest, when the grim looks would appear and everything Pavel and Kuba had worked for would be assessed as trifles, pitiful collateral against possible financial disaster.

Pavel didn’t want it. Right now he didn’t want it. The excitement was lacking. He did not feel an urgency. Perhaps Kuba did not either, only wanted to, trying to recapture the feeling that every action had a grave importance, meant life or death. Moving the business did not mean life or death. But perhaps a move, or if not a move, at least an expansion, would mean greater savings for college for the children, a bigger apartment, perhaps it meant-he did not know what it meant.

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