Gerald E. McDonnell - Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization

6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 An example of a small EO sterilizer, showing the front-loading steril...FIGURE 6.2 A typical EO sterilizer.FIGURE 6.3 Typical EO sterilization processes. Vacuum processes (top), in which ...FIGURE 6.4 The sporicidal (B. atrophaeus) effects of EO concentrations at 60% re...FIGURE 6.5 A representation of a typical LTSF sterilization system.FIGURE 6.6 A typical LTSF sterilization cycle.FIGURE 6.7 An LTSF sterilizer. The sterilizer (with the door open) is shown on t...FIGURE 6.8 An example of the effect of the hydrogen peroxide gas concentration o...FIGURE 6.9 A typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizer.FIGURE 6.10 STERRAD hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilizers. (Reprinted with pe...FIGURE 6.11 Typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilization processes. In the cycle ...FIGURE 6.12 A SYSTEM 1 processor with STERIS 20 sterilant. (Reprinted with permi...FIGURE 6.13 Electrolyzed water. (A) A typical electrolyzed-water generator. (B) ...FIGURE 6.14 Examples of electrolyzed-water generators. Courtesy of Sterilox Tech...FIGURE 6.15 A 125-liter ozone sterilizer. (Reprinted with permission from TSO3.)

7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1 Primary bacterial targets of key antibiotics.FIGURE 7.2 The structures of amino acids and peptide bonding. Representations ar...FIGURE 7.3 Examples of sugars, polysaccharides, and glycosidic bonds. The polysa...FIGURE 7.4 The basic structures of fatty acids. The numbers of carbons in the fa...FIGURE 7.5 Examples of various types of lipids. The general structures of a trig...FIGURE 7.6 The basic structures of nucleotides. The structure consists of a suga...FIGURE 7.7 Nucleotide structures. ATP (top left) is a mononucleotide, while DNA ...FIGURE 7.8 The major target sites for oxidizing agents on the structure of DNA (...FIGURE 7.9 Reaction of ethylene oxide with guanine.FIGURE 7.10 Reaction of ethylene oxide with amino acid side chains.FIGURE 7.11 Amino acids, showing free amine groups (circled), susceptible to cro...FIGURE 7.12 A typical cross-linking reaction with formaldehyde between a lysine ...FIGURE 7.13 A typical cross-linked reaction by glutaraldehyde between two amino ...FIGURE 7.14 Heat denaturation of DNA (above) and protein (below). As the tempera...FIGURE 7.15 The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation on a target atom. ...FIGURE 7.16 The production of thymine dimers between adjacent thymine bases in D...FIGURE 7.17 The mode of action of acridine dyes. The acridine molecule shown (pr...FIGURE 7.18 The reaction of metal ions on exposed sulfhydryl groups on cysteine ...FIGURE 7.19 The effects of biocides on cytoplasmic membranes. The biocide can ha...

8 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1 General microbial resistance to biocides and biocidal processes.FIGURE 8.2 The initial sequence of events in biocide-microorganism interaction.FIGURE 8.3 A typical bacterial growth curve, showing the four phases of growth.FIGURE 8.4 The activation and deactivation of the OxyR protein, as an activator ...FIGURE 8.5 The functions of various enzymes induced during oxidative stress.FIGURE 8.6 Transport systems in bacteria across a typical cell membrane.FIGURE 8.7 Establishment of the PMF.FIGURE 8.8 Summary of the various types of efflux pumps associated with antimicr...FIGURE 8.9 Intrinsic mechanisms of microbial resistance to heavy metals. The hea...FIGURE 8.10 A P. aeruginosa biofilm on a surface. Individual rod-shaped bacteria...FIGURE 8.11 The development of a biofilm. Initial attachment (adsorption) of a m...FIGURE 8.12 An example of D. radiodurans survival of radiation. The survival of ...FIGURE 8.13 Micrograph of D. radiodurans cells in a typical tetrad formation.FIGURE 8.14 Microbial growth and optimum temperature conditions. Examples of var...FIGURE 8.15 Microbial growth and optimum pH conditions. Examples of various micr...FIGURE 8.16 Microbial growth and optimum salt conditions. Examples of various mi...FIGURE 8.17 The basic life cycle of gram-positive endospore-forming rods. The ve...FIGURE 8.18 Typical bacterial-endospore structure. An actual micrograph of endos...FIGURE 8.19 A representation of a typical sporulation process, with the key stag...FIGURE 8.20 The development of resistance of bacterial endospores to biocides an...FIGURE 8.21 Loss of resistance to various biocides and heat during bacterial-end...FIGURE 8.22 Typical life cycle of Streptomyces. A desiccated spore, under the ri...FIGURE 8.23 The revival of microorganisms after biocidal treatment. On exposure,...FIGURE 8.24 A representation of the mycobacterial cell wall structure.FIGURE 8.25 A representation of a typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall stru...FIGURE 8.26 A representation of a typical gram-negative bacterial cell wall stru...FIGURE 8.27 The primary mechanisms of action of penicillin and of bacterial resi...FIGURE 8.28 The modes of bacterial tolerance of triclosan due to acquired mutati...FIGURE 8.29 Demonstration of the resistance of M. chelonae glutaraldehyde-resist...FIGURE 8.30 The simplified structure of a typical mercury resistance operon in g...FIGURE 8.31 Mechanisms of resistance to mercury.FIGURE 8.32 pSK41, an example of a multidrug resistance plasmid in staphylococci...FIGURE 8.33 Mechanisms of viral resistance to biocides. The typical structure of...FIGURE 8.34 Mechanisms of resistance of prions to biocides and modes of action o...FIGURE 8.35 Scanning electron micrograph of an encapsulated C. neoformans strain...FIGURE 8.36 Typical growth of a fungus on a medium surface. Shown are 7-day-old ...FIGURE 8.37 Fungal life cycle (ascomycota). The life cycle shown is typical of a...FIGURE 8.38 Examples of various types of fungal spores and spore-bearing structu...FIGURE 8.39 Representation of the structure of a helminth (Ascaris) egg.FIGURE 8.40 C. parvum oocysts and sporozoites.FIGURE 8.41 An Acanthamoeba cyst. Reprinted with permission of the U. S. Armed F...

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2 Table of Contents

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