Bharat Singh - Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants

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Bharat Singh

Ram Avtar Sharma

Volume 1

Authors

Dr. Bharat Singh

Amity University Rajasthan

Institute of Biotechnology

NH 11C, Kant Kalwar

303002 Jaipur

India

Dr. Ram Avtar Sharma

University of Rajasthan

Department of Botany

JLN Marg

302004 Jaipur

India

Cover Images: Aloe vera watercolor © Mokoshka-f/Shutterstock, abstract background © evryka/Shutterstock

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Traditional system of medicine is also known as indigenous medicine system used to maintain our health and to diagnose and treat several complaints based on theories, beliefs, and family experiences. The indigenous system of medicine has been in practice since the last thousands of years; contributions from community practitioners have maintained their popularity at a global level (Sofowora 1982). The traditional knowledge of plants could be attributed to acceptability, affordability, pleasant feeling, and affectivity against any type of disease as compared with modern medicine (Giday et al. 2003; Tolossa et al. 2013). In the case of traditional medicine, the knowledge is transferred from the elders to the younger generation verbally or by just showing the growing plants in the open fields. Several studies have revealed that transfer of medicinal knowledge of plants to the coming generations is adversely affected by development of modern medicine. The interest of younger generation to traditional knowledge is diminishing day by day (Yineger and Yewhalaw 2007). The wide acceptance of indigenous medicine and limited approach to modern healthcare facilities could be considered as main reasons for the continuation of the traditional practices. The documentation of traditional knowledge can be used to support human healthcare system to maintain healthy lives. The documented information will be used in future course of studies to validate biological and pharmacological activities as exhibited by medicinal plants; therefore it is an urgent need of modern time to enhance the affordability and acceptability of plants in rural and modern healthcare systems (Demie et al. 2018).

The secondary metabolites are not considered as energy sources at the cellular level but play important roles in the interaction of plants with surrounding environment. They protect the plants from abiotic (high temperature, drought) and biotic (bacteria, fungi, insects, nematodes) stresses. On the other hand, the secondary metabolites contribute in systematic determination, used as markers in the classification of plants. The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is organ and individual specific and in low molecular weight compounds. Similarly, the primary metabolites are useful in performing various metabolic activities for growth and development in plants (Piel 2010; Pagare et al. 2015). The secondary metabolites are used as bioactive compounds for the treatment of various diseases. These secondary metabolites can be grouped into three classes based on their biosynthetic pathways, viz. terpenoids, polyketides, and phenylpropanoid (Verpoorte and Alfermann 2000). The alkaloids are nitrogenous molecules, synthesized by amino acids, viz. tyrosine, phenylalanine, and lysine, by using various enzymes (Croteau et al. 2000). Some secondary metabolites (anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, carotenoids, and flavonoids) have specific roles in pollination and seed dispersal; hence, they are involved in reproduction cycles of plants (Winkel-Shirley 2001). Plant-derived secondary metabolites have made an important contribution in the treatment of various diseases including cancer, infections, and inflammations. The immunomodulatory vaccines (edible vaccines) have been obtained from plant sources and are exploring clinically for treatment of viral infections (Woods et al. 2017). Secondary metabolites in plants can be divided into the following chemically defined groups: terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds.