Jane Flint - Principles of Virology

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The mammalian PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling route. The core features of ...Figure 14.2 Signaling via PI3K facilitates virus entry. Shown are three exampl...Figure 14.3 Common activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR relay in virus-infected cells...Figure 14.4 Inhibition of cellular gene expression by viral proteins. (Transcr...Figure 14.5 Decreases in cellular mRNA concentration in virus-infected cells. ...Figure 14.6 Polyribosome profiling. Shown is a comparison of the polyribosome ...Figure 14.7 Reprogramming of promoter-associated transcriptional regulators by a...Figure 14.8 Increased glycolysis in virus-infected cells. (A) Infection by a v...Figure 14.9 Glucose metabolism. Following transport into cells via glucose tra...Figure 14.10 Diversion of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in human cytomegal...Figure 14.11 The citric acid cycle and some alterations induced in virus-infecte...Figure 14.12 The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The e...Figure 14.13 Storage and mobilization of fatty acids. (A) Fatty acids are tran...Figure 14.14 Mechanisms of stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in human cytomega...Figure 14.15 Increased synthesis and accumulation of fatty acids in hepatitis C ...Figure 14.16 Increased import of fatty acids into poliovirus-infected cells. (...Figure 14.17 Reorganization of nuclei in polyomavirus-infected cells. Murine 3...Figure 14.18 Example of a PML-containing nuclear structure in DNA virus-infected...Figure 14.19 Reorganization of nuclear splicing components in DNA virus-infected...Figure 14.20 Dengue virus cytoplasmic replication and assembly organelles. Hum...Figure 14.21 Hepatitis C virus replication and assembly compartments. (A) The ...Figure 14.22 Cooption of cytoplasmic membranes and lipid droplets in poliovirus-...Figure 14.23 Initial rotavirus assembly on lipid droplets. (A) The kinetics of...

15 AppendixFigure 1 Structure and genome organization of human adenovirus type 5. (A) Vir...Figure 2 Infectious cycle of human adenovirus type 5. (1) The virus attaches t...Figure 3 Structure and genome organization. (A) Virus particle structure. Cryo...Figure 4 Infectious cycle. (1, 2) The virion binds to a cellular receptor, whi...Figure 5 Structure and genome organization of murine coronavirus. (A) Virus pa...Figure 6 Infectious cycle. (1) The virus particle binds to a cell surface rece...Figure 7 Structure and genome organization of the filovirus Zaire ebolavirus. Figure 8 Infectious cycle of ebolavirus. (1) Virus particles bind to a cell su...Figure 9 Structure and genome organization of flaviviruses. (A) Virus particle...Figure 10 Infectious cycle. (1) The virus particle binds to a cell surface rec...Figure 11 Structure and genome organization of orthohepadnaviruses. (A) Virus ...Figure 12 Infectious cycle of hepatitis B virus. (1) The virion attaches to a ...Figure 13 Structure and genome organization of alphaherpesviruses. (A) Virus p...Figure 14 Infectious cycle of herpes simplex virus type 1. (1) Virions bind to...Figure 15 Structure and genome organization of the orthomyxovirus influenza A vi...Figure 16 Infectious cycle of influenza A virus. (1) The virion binds to a sia...Figure 17 Structure and genome organization. (A) Virus particle structure. Ima...Figure 18 Infectious cycle. (1) The virion attaches by binding to specific rec...Figure 19 Structure and genome organization of adenovirus­associated virus (AAV)...Figure 20 Infectious cycle of adenovirus­associated virus (AAV). Heparan sulfa...Figure 21 Structure and genomic organization of poliovirus. (A) Virus particle...Figure 22 Infectious cycle of poliovirus. (1) The virion binds to a cellular r...Figure 23 Structure and genome organization of simian virus 40. (A) Virus part...Figure 24 Infectious cycle of simian virus 40. (1) The virus particle attaches...Figure 25 Structure and genome organization of the poxvirus vaccinia virus. (A...Figure 26 Infectious cycle of vaccinia virus. (1) After receptor binding and f...Figure 27 Structure and genomic organization of an orthoreovirus. (A) Virus pa...Figure 28 Infectious cycle of orthoreovirus. (1) The virion binds to cellular ...Figure 29 Structure and genomic organization. (A) Virus particle structure. Th...Figure 30 Infectious cycle of a retrovirus with a simple genome. (1) The virus...Figure 31 Structure and genomic organization of vesicular stomatitis virus. (A...Figure 32 Infectious cycle. (1) The virion binds to a cellular receptor, such ...Figure 33 Structure and genomic organization. (A) Virus particle structure. Th...Figure 34 Infectious cycle. (1) The virion binds to a cellular receptor and en...

16 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Conquerors of yellow fever. This painting by Dean Cornwell (1939) d...Figure 1.2 The pace of discovery of new infectious agents in the dawn of virol...Figure 1.3 Consequences of the 1918 influenza pandemic. (A) The 1918–19 influe...Figure 1.4 Deaths caused by the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 1793. T...Figure 1.5 Spread of West Nile virus in the United States. The maps show the s...Figure 1.6 Fruit bat geographic range in Southeast Asia, and prevalence of Nip...Figure 1.7 Ebola outbreak. Health care workers in areas of the Ebola virus out...Figure 1.8 Zika spread in Brazil. (A) In three short years, from 2014 to 2016,...Figure 1.9 Twitter as a tool in viral epidemiology. Between May 1 and December...Figure 1.10 Seasonal variation in disease caused by three human pathogens in t...

17 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Ectromelia virus infection of mice. Infection begins with a break i...Figure 2.2 The coordinated host response to infection. In healthy individuals,...Figure 2.3 Infection seen as a series of bottlenecks. In the illustrated case,...Figure 2.4 Sites of viral entry into the host. The body is covered with skin, ...Figure 2.5 Schematic diagram of the skin. The epidermis consists of a layer of...Figure 2.6 Sites of viral entry in the respiratory tract. (Left) A detailed vi...Figure 2.7 Cilia help to move debris trapped in the mucus of the respiratory t...Figure 2.8 A picture is worth a thousand words. A group of applied mathematici...Figure 2.9 Cellular organization of the small intestine. A simplified view of ...Figure 2.10 Transplacental virus infections. Several viruses, including Zika v...Figure 2.11 Cleavage of influenza virus HA0 by club cell tryptase. Influenza v...Figure 2.12 Polarized release of viruses from cultured epithelial cells visual...Figure 2.13 Entry, dissemination, and shedding of blood-borne viruses. Sho...Figure 2.14 The lymphatic system. Lymphocytes flow from the blood into the lym...Figure 2.15 Generic characteristics of viremia. Passive viremia occurs when th...Figure 2.16 Possible pathways for the spread of infection in nerves. Virus par...Figure 2.17 Outline of the spread of alphaherpesviruses and relationship to di...Figure 2.18 Blood-tissue junction in a capillary, venule, and sinusoid. (L...Figure 2.19 How viruses gain access to the liver. Two layers of hepatocytes ar...Figure 2.20 How viruses travel from blood to tissues with basement membranes. ...Figure 2.21 How viruses gain access to the central nervous system. (Left) A su...Figure 2.22 Mat herpes. An example of a herpesvirus infection on the arms of a...

18 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Integration of intrinsic defense with the innate and adaptive immun...Figure 3.2 Pattern recognition receptors. The four types of pattern recognitio...Figure 3.3 Recognition of viruses by Toll-like receptors in mammalian cells. T...Figure 3.4 Divergence and convergence of signaling pathways in response to a d...Figure 3.5 Detection of intracellular PAMPs by RIG-I. After binding their nucl...Figure 3.6 The cGAS/STING axis in innate immunity. Double-stranded DNA in the ...Figure 3.7 Inhibition of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors by selected...Figure 3.8 Apoptosis: programmed cell death. (A) Apoptosis is de fined by seve...Figure 3.9 Pathways to apoptosis. (A) The extrinsic death receptors and their ...Figure 3.10 Viral activators and suppressors of apoptosis. Shown are several v...Figure 3.11 Induction of necroptosis pathways. Necroptosis is initiated by the...Figure 3.12 Autophagy. (A) Viral proteins can either induce (green arrows) or ...Figure 3.13 Epigenetic silencing of DNA. Histone acetylation and deacetylation...Figure 3.14 Interferon increases the number and size of PML bodies. Human fore...Figure 3.15 Tetherin prevents budding of enveloped viruses. Tetherin traps vir...Figure 3.16 Systemic effects of cytokines in inflammation. A localized viral i...Figure 3.17 Interferon receptors. Type I IFNs interact with the heterodimeric ...Figure 3.18 Type I interferon synthesis, secretion, receptor binding, and sign...Figure 3.19 Common signal transduction pathways for IFN-α/β and IL-6....Figure 3.20 The interferon-induced firebreak that restricts viral spread beyon...Figure 3.21 Suppressors of cytokine signaling. In unstimulated cells, SOCS gen...Figure 3.22 Virus-mediated modulation of interferon production and action. Vir...Figure 3.23 Steps in immune cell extravasation into tissues, and the role of c...Figure 3.24 Activation and regulation of the complement system. The complement...Figure 3.25 NK cells distinguish normal, healthy target cells by a two-recepto...Figure 3.26 Virus-encoded mechanisms for modulation of NK-cell activity. (Left...Figure 3.27 Neutrophils produce a “net” to capture extracellular pathogens....Figure 3.28 Critical events during acute virus infection. As discussed in the ...