Indoor Photovoltaics

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface

5 1 Will Photovoltaics Stay Out of the Shadows? 1.1 Introduction References

6 2 Introduction to Micro Energy Harvesting 2.1 Introduction and History 2.2 Kinetic Energy 2.3 Thermoelectric Conversion 2.4 Electrochemical Potential 2.5 Electromagnetic Transmission 2.6 Atomic Batteries 2.7 Challenges 2.8 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgment References

7 3 Introduction to Indoor Photovoltaics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Indoor Spectra and Efficiencies 3.3 State of IPV Design, Issues, Approaches 3.4 Fields of Application 3.5 Degradation and Lifetime Issues 3.6 Conclusions and Outlook References

8 4 Modeling Indoor Irradiance 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fundamentals 4.3 Radiometric Solutions 4.4 Analytical Model 4.5 Simulations 4.6 Measurements 4.7 Discussion and Recommendation 4.8 Conclusion and Outlook 4.9 Acknowledgements 4.10 Symbols and Abbreviations 4.11 Constants 4.12 Abbreviations Appendix References

9 5 Characterization and Power Measurement of IPV Cells 5.1 Features of IPV Compared to Outdoor PV 5.2 Calibration Chain and Quality Management 5.3 Flexible and Precise Method for Comprehensive and Primary Calibration of IPV Devices 5.4 DSR Calibration of IPV Cells Acknowledgment References

10 6 Luminescent Solar Concentrators 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A Crash Course in Luminescence 6.3 Principle of Operation 6.4 Calculating LSC Performance 6.5 State-of-the-Art LSC Materials 6.6 Tm 2+-Doped Halide Luminescent Solar Concentrators 6.7 LSC for an IPV Perspective 6.8 Conclusion Acknowledgements References

11 7 Organic Photovoltaic Cells and Modules for Applications under Indoor Lighting Conditions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Implications of Indoor Lighting 7.3 OPV Modules 7.4 OPV Devices and Applications 7.5 Acceptance and Safety Considerations References

12 8 High-Efficiency Indoor Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Approaches for Efficient Indoor PV Energy Harvesting 8.3 Lightricity’s PV Energy Harvesting Technology 8.4 High-Efficiency PV Energy Harvesting Power Supplies 8.5 Applications of Light Indoor Energy Harvesting 8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References

13 9 Indoor Photovoltaics Based on AlGaAs 9.1 Importance of AlGaAs for Indoor Photovoltaics 9.2 Design Consideration for AlGaAs III-V Photovoltaic Cells 9.3 Large-Area AlGaAs III-V Photovoltaics 9.4 Small-Area AlGaAs Photovoltaics 9.5 Monolithic GaAs PV Cell Arrays 9.6 Conclusion References

14 Index

15 Also Edited by Monika Freunek Müller

16 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Indoor efficiencies modeled by Bahrami-Yekta and Tiedje for differe...

2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Deviation of measured illuminance for different radiation sources w...Table 4.2 Notation, orientation, position, and qualitative description of the...Table 4.3 Calculated maximum irradiance per unit area for Freiburg, south-eas...Table 4.4 Calculated maximum irradiance per unit area for Freiburg, s = 0° an...Table 4.5 Reflection coefficient following EN12464.Table 4.6 Recommended albedo factors [22].Table 4.7 Comparison of the applied reflection coefficients to the recommende...Table 4.8 Influence of the complexity of the simulation model on the result f...Table 4.9 Values of the applied simulation parameters.Table 4.10 Mean and maximum values of simulated solar irradiance for Freiburg...Table 4.11 Influence of location and orientation vector on the annual mean so...Table 4.12 Characteristic values of measured indoor radiation in the referenc...Table 4.13 Characteristic values of measured radiation in the reference year.Table 4.14 Measured and simulated in Radiance irradiation on significant days...Table 4.15 Measured and simulated in Radiance irradiation on important dates d...Table 4.16 Influence of user behavior on the example of measured and simulati...Table 4.17 Comparison of measured and simulated irradiance for sensors in two...Table 4.18 Simulated irradiance, artificial light, Radiance model with OSRAM ...Table 4.19 Comparison of the results from measurements and simulation for the...Table 4.20 Measured illuminance for each luxmeter. The first error refers to ...

3 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Contribution to optical efficiency per generation for a Lumogen Ora...Table 6.3 Reported quantum yields and simulation results for 80% visible ligh...Table 6.4 Reported quantum yields and simulation results of 80% transmission ...Table 6.5 Overview of simulation results for core quantum dots as well as rep...Table 6.6 Overview of simulation results for core/shell quantum dots as well ...Table 6.7 Overview of simulation results for doped core and doped core/ shell...Table 6.8 Properties of Tm 2+halide-based LSCs, at 80% transmission of visibl...Table 6.9 Performance of 55 × 55 × 2cm 3-doped PMMA slabs of the best performi...

4 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Energy harvesting cell technologies.Table 8.2 Characteristics of commercial energy harvesting devices at 200 lux ...Table 8.3 Research results for state-of-the art indoor PV energy harvesters.Table 8.4 Mechanical specifications.Table 8.5 Comparison of Lightricity’s modules with the primary competing tech...Table 8.6 Summary of the power generated and provided by the IPEHPM for COcon...

5 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Example device structure for an AlGaAs PV cell for indoor energy co...Table 9.2 Energy harvesting sources (adopted from [37]).Table 9.3 Example parameters for power requirements for perpetual operation o...

1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematic of the basic model of a kinetic energy converter with a...Figure 2.2 ReVibe Energy kinetic converter. (Photo reproduced by permission ...Figure 2.3 Schematic of a TEG with n- and p-type legs, and a hot and cold si...

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Spectra for sunlight through heat and sun protection windows, LED...Figure 3.2 Efficiencies for indoor spectra calculated following the Shockley...Figure 3.3 Solar powered kitchen scale. (Photo reproduced by permission of S...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Spectral sensitivity function of the human eye for daylight visio...Figure 4.2 Exemplary spectral irradiance of a fluorescent tube and an incand...Figure 4.3 Displayed results for different luxmeter products with uncertaint...Figure 4.4 South office: hemispherical view.Figure 4.5 South office: view from entry.Figure 4.6 South office: view from desk.Figure 4.7 North office: glass doors at the window side.Figure 4.8 North office: hemispherical view.Figure 4.9 North office: left side of the room.Figure 4.10 Schematic of vectors, the coordinate system and the cardinal dir...Figure 4.11 Spectral solar irradiance AM 0 and AM 1.5.Figure 4.12 Position of the measurement point N2 .Figure 4.13 Field of view from the measurement point N2 (hemispherical).Figure 4.14 Spectral irradiance of a fluorescent tube with daylight spectrum...Figure 4.15 Schematic of the assumptions for the calculation of the fluoresc...Figure 4.16 Spectral Transmission of common isolation and heat protection wi...Figure 4.17 Structure of a DAYSIM simulation.Figure 4.18 Daylight coefficient approach in DAYSIM (see Eq. 4.33). (Copyrig...Figure 4.19 Data flow of the simulation of the combined irradiation from sol...Figure 4.20 The north office in Radiance: Model “Geometry,” hemispherical vi...Figure 4.21 North office in Radiance: Model “Basic furniture,” hemispherical...Figure 4.22 North office in Radiance: Model “Details,” hemispherical view.Figure 4.23 Mean solar irradiance for sensors in the north office, detailed,...Figure 4.24 Schematic of the orientation of the measurement points in the ro...Figure 4.25 Mean solar irradiance for sensors in the south office, DAYSIM mo...Figure 4.26 Schematic of the orientation of the measurement points in the ro...Figure 4.27 Mean solar irradiance for sensors in the north office, scaling i...Figure 4.28 DAYSIM simulation with a mean solar irradiance in Wm -2for an em...Figure 4.29 DAYSIM simulation with a mean solar irradiance in Wm -2for an em...Figure 4.30 DAYSIM model, location Freiburg, mean solar irradiance for senso...Figure 4.31 DAYSIM model, location Freiburg, mean solar irradiance for senso...Figure 4.32 Histogram of solar irradiance: DAYSIM model, north office, Freib...Figure 4.33 Histogram of solar irradiance -