Martine Hossaert-McKey - Photovoltaism, Agriculture and Ecology

1 Cover

2 Title Page Series EditorFrançoise Gaill

3 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Claude Grison, Lucie Cases, Mailys Le Moigne and Martine Hossaert-McKey to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021942790 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-720-0

4 Foreword by Yvon Le Maho

5 Foreword by Thomas Lesueur

6 Introduction How can we combine energy and ecological transition?

7 1 Photovoltaics: Concepts and Challenges1.1. Brief description of the different photovoltaic cell technologies 1.2. Different types of photovoltaic installations 1.3. Legislation 1.4. Advantages of photovoltaics 1.5. Disadvantages of photovoltaics 1.6. Some figures on the environmental footprint compared to other energy sources 1.7. Origin of the silicon needed for the construction of photovoltaic cells 1.8. End of life of solar panels 1.9. Degree of maturity of material recycling 1.10. Location and mode of development of photovoltaics

8 2 Photovoltaic Energy Production and Agricultural Activity: Agrivoltaics 2.1. Definition–legislation–adaptation and evolution of techniques 2.2. Food crops

9 3 Innovative Principle of Ecovoltaics3.1. Definition and concept 3.2. State of the art: feedback 3.3. Assessment – issues 3.4. Perspectives

10 Appendices

11 Appendix 1 Secondary Metabolites and Defense Molecules of Eagle FernA1.1. Prunasin A1.2. Ptaquiloside (also called aquilide A) A1.3. Thiaminase I (antithiamine) A1.4. Other metabolites

12 Appendix 2 Secondary Metabolites and Defense Molecules of Alder Buckthorn

13 Appendix 3 Secondary Metabolites and Defense Molecules of RhubarbA3.1. Carboxylic acids A3.2. Minerals A3.3. Anthraquinones A3.4. Stilbenes A3.5. Flavonoids

14 References

15 Index

16 End User License Agreement

1 Introduction Figure I.1. Some numerical data illustrating global warming Figure I.2. The climate agreement, Paris, December 2015. The photograph shows La... Figure I.3. A necessary energy and ecological transition Figure I.4. Structure of the book

2 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. Photograph of Edmond Becquerel by Nadar Figure 1.2. Photovoltaic effect Figure 1.3. Global depletion of mineral resources (Hunt et al. 2015). For a colo... Figure 1.4. French solar energy potential... Figure 1.5. Photovoltaic power in France, 2018.... Figure 1.6. Photovoltaics and solar radiation capture surfaces...Figure 1.7. Cost of electricity production in 2020...Figure 1.8. Breakdown of direct and indirect primary energy consumption in agric...Figure 1.9. Agricultural shed with photovoltaic roof in the vineyards of Juranço...Figure 1.10. Solar facade of a Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole business cente...Figure 1.11. The airport photovoltaic area of Montpellier Figure 1.12. Large EDF solar park in the Atacama Desert, Chile; 700 hectare sola...Figure 1.13. World map of global solar irradiance (annual and daily average) (so...Figure 1.14. Omega 1 floating solar power plant in the commune of Piolenc (PACA ...

3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Photovoltaic farm with spaced static panels Figure 2.2. Photovoltaic farm with modules mounted on piles with alternating cul...Figure 2.3. Example of vertical photovoltaic panels, solar farm in Donaueschinge...Figure 2.4. Solar park with vertical photovoltaic panels in Eppelborn, Dirmingen...Figure 2.5. Operation of the dynamic technology (example of Sun’Agri, France). F...Figure 2.6A. Different systems for combining agricultural production and electri...Figure 2.6B. Different systems for combining agricultural production and electri...Figure 2.7. First Agrienergy greenhouses in the Pacific, Focola site in New Cale...Figure 2.8. Fishponds of the Etang-Salé solar aquaculture farm in Reunion Island...Figure 2.9. Bassin de Thau, Occitanie, France: a place of innovation in the fiel...Figure 2.10. Solar panels installed in vineyards at Domaine de Nidolères, France...Figure 2.11. Strawberry cultivation under photovoltaic panels; Babberich, Hollan...Figure 2.12. Solar field and lemongrass cultivation in Pierrefonds, Reunion Isla...Figure 2.13. Photovoltaics and livestock; maintenance of a park by a flock of sh...Figure 2.14. Influence of a photovoltaic system on soil moisture and water use e...

4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Experimental site under solar panels in Boissière (Gard, Occitanie) ...Figure 3.2. Lasagna technique developed by B. Lapouge-Déjean (Lapouge-Déjean et ...Figure 3.3. Lasagna installation under solar panels Figure 3.4. Eagle fern growing under solar panels in Boissière (Gard)...Figure 3.5. Growing alder buckthorn under solar panels in Boissière (Gard) (sour...Figure 3.6. Comfrey flowering under solar panels in Boissière (Gard)....Figure 3.7. Chemical structure of allantoin Figure 3.8. Rhubarb plant under solar panels in Boissière (Gard)...Figure 3.9. a) Leaf of grapevine infested by downy mildew without treatment (115...Figure 3.10. ε-viniferin and δ-viniferin Figure 3.11. Scotch broom, Latin American fleabane and alder buckthorn under sol...Figure 3.12. Melissa officinalis , December 19, 2019 (credit: C. Grison) Figure 3.13. Melissa officinalis , July 2, 2020 (credit: C. Grison) Figure 3.14. Hyssopus officinalis , December 19, 2019 (credit: C. Grison) Figure 3.15. Hyssopus officinalis , July 7, 2020 (credit: C. Grison) Figure 3.16. Most attractive melliferous plants: bellflower, hyssop and lotus (s...Figure 3.17. Preparation of endangered plants under solar panels in Boissière (G...Figure 3.18. Growth of Vitis vinifera under solar panels in Boissière (Gard) (so...Figure 3.19. Soil enrichment through the construction of lasagnas under solar pa...Figure 3.20. Placement of traps on the experiment and on an outside area as a co...Figure 3.21. Insect traps: difference between control (a) and vegetated (b) plot...Figure 3.22. Lotus tetragonolobus flowering Figure 3.23. Campanula cochleariifolia flowering Figure 3.24. Categories of plant species that can be installed under solar panel...Figure 3.25. Diagram of legal approval for a new substance (ITAB 2019). For a co...

5 Appendix 1 Figure A1.1. Molecular structure of Prunasin Figure A1.2. Mechanism of prunasin degradation (Chaouali 2013) Figure A1.3. Degradation of ptaquiloside Figure A1.4. Ptaquiloside and derivatives – defense molecules present in Eagle f...Figure A1.5. Mechanism of action of thiaminases Figure A1.6. Seasonal variation of thiaminase concentration in Eagle fern (Evans...Figure A1.7. Structure of β-sitosterol

6 Appendix 2Figure A2.1. Chemical structure of an anthraquinone Figure A2.2. Chemical structures of chrysophanol (1), physcione (2) and emodin (...Figure A2.3. Molecular structures of grapevine defense mechanisms