Ice Adhesion

5 De-Icing Property of Superhydrophobic Surfaces under Static Conditions 12.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 13 Ice Adhesion and Anti-Icing Using Microtextured Surfaces 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Microtextured Surfaces: Wetting Characteristics and Anti-Icing Properties 13.3 Measurement Methods for Ice Adhesion 13.4 Fabrication Methods for Microtextured Surfaces 13.5 Microtextured Surfaces and Anti-Icing Applications 13.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook Acknowledgments References 14 Icephobic Surfaces: Features and Challenges 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Features and Challenges in Rational Fabrication of Icephobic Surfaces 14.3 Wettability 14.4 Surface Engineering 14.5 De-Icing 14.6 Summary References 15 Bio-Inspired Anti-Icing Surface Materials Glossary of Symbols Glossary of Abbreviations 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Depressing Ice Nucleation 15.3 Retarding Ice Propagation 15.4 Reducing Ice Adhesion 15.5 All-in-One Anti-Icing Materials 15.6 Summary and Conclusions References 16 Testing the Durability of Anti-Icing Coatings 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Icing/Deicing Tests and Ice Types 16.3 Concluding Remarks References 17 Durability Assessment of Icephobic Coatings 17.2 UV-Induced Degradation 17.3 Hydrolytic Degradation of Coatings 17.4 Atmospheric Conditions and Changes in Coating Performance 17.5 Mechanical Durability of Coating 17.6 Methods for Durability Assessment of an Icephobic Coating 17.7 Summary References 18 Experimental Investigations on Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings for Aircraft Inflight Icing Mitigation 18.1 Introduction About Aircraft Icing Phenomena 18.2 Impact Icing Pertinent to Aircraft Icing vs. Conventional Frosting or Static Icing 18.3 State-of-the-Art Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings 18.4 Comparison of Ice Adhesion Strengths of Different Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings 18.5 Durability of the Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings under High-Speed Droplet Impacting 18.6 Icing Tunnel Testing to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Icephobic Coatings for Impact Icing Mitigation 18.7 Summary Acknowledgments References 19 Effect of and Protection from Ice Accretion on Aircraft Glossary 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Fundamental Icing Parameters 19.3 Types of Ice on Aircraft 19.4 Aircraft Icing Effects 19.5 Sensing of and Protection from Aircraft Icing 19.6 Summary Funding and Acknowledgement References 20 Numerical Modeling and Its Application to Inflight Icing 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Aircraft Icing 20.3 Numerical Technique for Inflight Icing 20.4 Numerical Simulation of Icing Protection System (IPS) 20.5 Numerical Issues in the Inflight Icing Code 20.6 Summary References

8 Index

9 Also of InterestAlso of Interest

10 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Variation of the nucleation rate J as a function of supersaturation

2 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Ice adhesion, τi ce, on various icephobic substrates measured by...Table 8.2 Ice adhesion, τ ice, to various icephobic substrates measured by...Table 8.3 Ice adhesion, τ ice, to various icephobic substrates measured by...Table 8.4 Parameters for standard ice adhesion measurements [6].

3 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Selected fatal aircraft crashes caused by icing over the past five...Table 10.2 Overview of ice types for different applications.Table 10.3 Results of ice adhesion tests for the three different ice types, i...Table 10.4 Overview of ice adhesion tests included in recent reviews. From [3...Table 10.5 Overview of experimental conditions for a selection of different i...Table 10.6 Overview of mean values and standard deviations of ice adhesion st...

4 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of the reported icephobic properties of superhydrophobic s...Table 12.2 Roughness and wetting properties of four different superhydrophobi...Table 12.3 Contact states of ice on the different scales of a superhydrophobi...

5 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Summary of different models for the spreading factor β based o...

6 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Wettability and anti-icing performance of reinforced superhydropho...Table 16.2 Wettability and anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic coating...

7 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Dominant deposition mechanisms for the particles with different...Table 17.2 The standard methods for durability assessment of a coating [29].

8 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Summary of the measured ice adhesion strengths on various tested s...

9 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Effects of various ice accretions on a NACA 0011 airfoil aerodynam...

10 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Characteristics of clouds [13].Table 20.2 Generation of inflight icing code.Table 20.3 Terms used in Messinger model.Table 20.4 2D airfoil ice shape prediction cases [52].Table 20.5 3D DLR-F6 ice shape prediction [52].

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A geologic timeline of the Earth shows the symbiotic relationship...Figure 1.2 A timeline of human activities which have aided in our understand...Figure 1.3 (a) The Classical Nucleation Theory models a growing embryo of cl...Figure 1.4 Heterogeneous nucleation of an embryo growing on a foreign solid ...Figure 1.5 Geometric factors, ƒ, for heterogeneous ice nucleation free energ...Figure 1.6 Rendering of the hypothetically best surface morphology to delay ...Figure 1.7 (a) Water droplet on a theoretically perfectly flat, chemically h...Figure 1.8 (a) The degree to which water will penetrate into the pores of a ...Figure 1.9 (a) The pore walls of a superhydrophobic substrate become intrins...Figure 1.10 The failure mode of the ice-solid bond is said to be: (a) adhesi...Figure 1.11 (a) A real superhydrophobic surface will undergo some degree of ...Figure 1.12 (a) Twill Dutch-weave and (b) plain Dutch-weave pattern stainles...Figure 1.13 (a) Surfaces are never completely flat, but rather possess asper...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The dependence of the Gibbs free energy change Δ G on the nucleus ...Figure 2.2 Snapshots (at 6ms interval) showing the ice nucleation of a 5µl d...Figure 2.3 Schematic showing the volume and surface area of a spherical cap ...Figure 2.4 (a) Schematic showing an axisymmetric water nucleus on the micros...Figure 2.5 (a1-a3) ESEM images showing the random water nucleation on a supe...Figure 2.6 ESEM snapshots showing the condensed droplets in (a) Cassie-Baxte...Figure 2.7 (a) ESEM snapshots showing the selective water nucleation on the ...Figure 2.8 Schematic showing the heterogeneous nucleation of an ice embryo w...Figure 2.9 (a) Free energy barriers for nucleation in a system of hard spher...Figure 2.10 (a) Schematics of the thermal resistance networks of partial-Wen...Figure 2.11 Critical droplet freezing radius as a function of the substrate ...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Ice nucleolus on a subzero substrate and the involved interfaces ...Figure 3.2 The surface factor plotted versus different values of x and m for...Figure 3.3 The surface factor plotted versus different values of x and m for...Figure 3.4 Different coatings are exposed to water droplets which shows the ...Figure 3.5 Geometry of droplet at later stages of ice formation and after co...Figure 3.6 Ice growth on a sub-zero substrate when the droplet is in an envi...Figure 3.7 The experimental data for ice growth rate are compared to theoret...Figure 3.8 Ice growth on a sub-zero substrate when the droplet is in an envi...Figure 3.9 The plot of Eq. (3.40) which shows ice growth rate in an environm...Figure 3.10 Ice bridging phenomenon for two similar liquid droplets with dif...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Conceptual overview of condensation frosting on a chilled substra...Figure 4.2 (a) Theoretical nucleation pressure required to form a new embryo...Figure 4.3 (a) Top-down microscopy of an inter-droplet ice bridge growing fr...Figure 4.4 Depending on which droplet is larger: (a) the frozen droplet, or ...Figure 4.5 (a) When a supercooled liquid droplet first freezes on a thermall...Figure 4.6 (a) Schematic of the vapor flow around a frozen droplet and surro...Figure 4.7 (a) An array of 10 µm wide hydrophilic stripes were chemically pa...

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