Ross Anderson - Security Engineering

1 1 Microsoft had had more ambitious plans; its project Palladium would have provided a new, more trusted world for rights-management apps, alongside the normal one for legacy software. They launched Information Rights Management – DRM for documents – in 2003 but corporates didn't buy it, seeing it as a lock-in play. A two-world implementation turned out to be too complex for Vista and after two separate development efforts it was abandoned; but the vision persisted from 2004 in Arm's TrustZone, which I discuss below.

2 2 The trust-on-first-use model goes back to the 1990s with the Java standard J2ME, popularised by Symbian, and the Resurrecting Duckling model from about the same time. J2ME also supported trust-on-install and more besides. When Apple and Android came along, they initially made different choices. In each case, having an app store was a key innovation; Nokia failed to realise that this was important to get a two-sided market going. The app store does some of the access control by deciding what apps can run. This is hard power in Apple's case, and soft power in Android's; we'll discuss this in the chapter on phones.

3 3 There are a few exceptions: corporates can get signing keys for internal apps, but these can be blacklisted if abused.

4 4 I'll discuss fusible links in the chapter on tamper resistance, and iPhone PIN retry defeats in the chapter on surveillance and privacy.

5 5 Now owned by HP

6 6 They had been developed on a crash programme to save market share following the advent of RISC processors and the market failure of the iAPX432.

7 7 The best defence against ROP attacks in 2019 appears to be Apple's mechanism, in the iPhone X3 and later, for signing pointers with a key that's kept in a register; this stops ROP attacks as the attacker can't guess the signatures.

8 8 Full disclosure: this was developed by a team of my colleagues at Cambridge and elsewhere, led by Robert Watson.

9 9 In rare cases even human transmission can make malware spread quickly: an example was the ILoveYou worm which spread itself in 2000 via an email with that subject line, which caused enough people to open it, running a script that caused it to be sent to everyone in the new victim's address book.

10 10Rust emerged from Mozilla research in 2010 and has been used to redevelop Firefox; it's been voted the favourite language in the Stack Overflow annual survey from 2016–2019.

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