Vishu Shah - Handbook of Plastics Testing and Failure Analysis

4 Chapter 4TABLE 4‐1. Dielectric Strength of Various PlasticsTABLE 4‐2. Dielectric Constant of Various PlasticsTABLE 4‐3. Volume Resistivity of Various PlasticsTABLE 4‐4. Arc Resistance of Various PlasticsTABLE 4‐5. Enclosure Requirement for Fixed or Stationary EquipmentTABLE 4‐6. Shielding Attenuation Levels Required to Produce an Effective Shie...TABLE 4‐7. Explanation of Adhesion Test Ratings

5 Chapter 5TABLE 5‐1. Relative Weather Resistance of Unmodified ThermoplasticsTABLE 5‐2. Weathering Test MethodTABLE 5‐3. Outdoor Accelerated Test Standards and Approvals

6 Chapter 6TABLE 6‐1. Refractive Index Values for PlasticsTABLE 6‐2. Colorimeters Versus Spectrophotometers

7 Chapter 7TABLE 7‐1. Material Characterization Through Rheology and Thermal AnalysisTABLE 7‐2. Applications of Material Characterization TechniquesTABLE 7‐3. ISO versus ASTM

8 Chapter 8TABLE 8‐1. Polymers and FlammabilityTABLE 8‐2. Flammability TestsTABLE 8‐3. Smoke Evolution TestsTABLE 8‐4. Oxygen Index Rating of Some MaterialsTABLE 8‐5. Summary of UL 94 Vertical Burning Test for Classifying Materials V...TABLE 8‐6. Summary of UL 94 Vertical Burning Test for Classifying Materials, ...TABLE 8‐7. Standard Cross References

9 Chapter 10TABLE 10‐1. Liquid Systems Recommended for Use in Density Gradient ColumnsTABLE 10‐2. Water Absorption of Common PlasticsTABLE 10‐3. Immersion Temperature and Periods

10 Chapter 11TABLE 11‐1. Conditioning Procedures

11 Chapter 13TABLE 13‐1. Identification Techniques for Polymer and Additives [2]TABLE 13‐2. Solvent Abbreviations

12 Chapter 14TABLE 14‐1. Temperature and Relative Humidity ConditionsTABLE 14‐2. Test for Flexible Cellular MaterialsTABLE 14‐3. Foam Properties Chart

13 Chapter 15TABLE 15‐1. HDT versus Continuous‐Use Temperature (UL Temperature Index)TABLE 15‐2. Typical Part Design ChecklistTABLE 15‐3. Typical Failure Analysis ChecklistTABLE 15‐1‐1. Zero‐Shear Viscosities (Pa·s)TABLE 15‐2‐1. Spectral Match Scores for Duplicate Infrared Spectra Acquired f...TABLE 15‐2‐2. Parameters for the Gas Chromatographic AnalysisTABLE 15‐2‐3. Samples of Individual Components Used in Company A Coating Form...TABLE 15‐2‐4. Comparison of the Concentrations of Volatile Compounds in the A...TABLE 15‐2‐5. Comparison of the Major GC Peaks of the A1 and B1 Coating Sampl...

14 Chapter 16TABLE 16‐1. Factors for Control ChartsTABLE 16‐2. Sample Size and Code LettersTABLE 16‐3. Single Sampling Plan for Normal Inspection (Master Table)TABLE 16‐4. Double Sampling Plan for Normal InspectionsTABLE 16‐5. Reaction Table

15 Chapter 20TABLE 20‐1. Participating Members of ISO T61 on PlasticsTABLE 20‐2. Plastic Materials Database Directory (Revised 2019)

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1‐1. Automated test setup. Figure 1‐2. Automated notcher. Figure 1‐3. Twin‐bore capillary rheometer. Figure 1‐4. Instrumented impact tester. Figure 1‐5. Outdoor weathering box.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2‐1. A typical stress–strain curve. Figure 2‐2. Extension types: ( a ) bond bending, ( b ) uncoiling, ( c ) slippage.... Figure 2‐3. Maxwell model. Figure 2‐4. ( a ) Types of stress–strain curves. Figure 2‐5. Stress–strain curve in tension and compression. Figure 2‐6. Diagram illustrating creep and stress relaxation. Figure 2‐7. Diagram illustrating creep and cold flow. Figure 2‐8. Tensile testing machine. Figure 2‐9. Tensile test specimen (Type I). Figure 2‐10. ( a ) Diagram illustrating an extensiometer attached to the test ... Figure 2‐11. Diagram illustrating stress‐strain curve from which modulus and... Figure 2‐12. The effect of fiberglass orientation. Figure 2‐13. The effect of the strain rate on the modulus. Figure 2‐14. The effect of temperature on tensile strength. Figure 2‐15. Environmental test chamber to study the tensile properties at d... Figure 2‐16. Forces involved in bending a simple beam. Figure 2‐17. Close‐up of a specimen shown in flexural testing apparatus. Figure 2‐18. Schematic of specimen arrangement for flexural testing, (Method... Figure 2‐19 Universal testing machine for testing of the specimen in either ... Figure 2‐20. The effect of temperature on flexural modulus. Figure 2‐21. A typical test set‐up for compression testing. Figure 2‐22. Generalized creep curve. Figure 2‐23. Tensile creep curve. Figure 2‐24. Typical test set‐up for tensile creep testing. Figure 2‐25. Close‐up of creep rupture test under tensile load. Figure 2‐26. Percent creep strain versus time. Figure 2‐27. Creep modulus versus time on Cartesian coordinates. Figure 2‐28. Creep modulus versus time on logarithmic coordinates. Figure 2‐29. Creep strain versus time at 1000 hours. Figure 2‐30. Isochronous stress–strain curve. Figure 2‐31. Isochronous stress–strain curve for various materials. Figure 2‐32. Effect of stress on creep modulus. Figure 2‐33. Creep modulus versus time at different temperatures. Figure 2‐34. Creep and stress relaxation. Figure 2‐35. Stress–time curve. Figure 2‐36. Stress relaxation curve plotted at various levels of constant s... Figure 2‐37. ( a ) Common failure modes.( b ) Typical velocities of some imp...Figure 2‐38. Pendulum impact tester.Figure 2‐39. Notching machine for impact test bars.Figure 2‐40. Izod impact test specimen properly positioned in test fixture....Figure 2‐41. Charpy test set‐up.Figure 2‐42. Chip impact test setup.Figure 2‐43. Diagram illustrating the principle of the chip impact test.Figure 2‐44. Schematic of specimen‐in‐head tensile‐impact machine.Figure 2‐45. Tensile impact tester.Figure 2‐46. Mold dimensions of types S and L tensile‐impact specimens.Figure 2‐47. Drop impact tester.Figure 2‐48. Falling dart impact tester.Figure 2‐49 Impact tester specifically designed for impact testing pipe and ...Figure 2‐50. Load–energy–time curve showing the effect of temperature.Figure 2‐51. Instrumented impact tester.Figure 2‐52. ( a ) Load–energy–time curve showing the effect of an impact on a...Figure 2‐53. Bottle drop impact tester.Figure 2‐54. Shear strength test setup.Figure 2‐55. Abrasion tester. ( a ) Rotary platform abrasion tester. ( b ) Linea...Figure 2‐56. Fatigue endurance ( S – N ) curve.Figure 2‐57. Flexural fatigue tester.Figure 2‐58. Dimensions of the constant force fatigue specimen.Figure 2‐59. Tensile fatigue testing machine.Figure 2‐60. Rockwell hardness tester.Figure 2‐61. Principle of the Rockwell hardness tester.Figure 2‐62. Durometer hardness tester.Figure 2‐63. Barcol hardness tester.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3‐1. Dtul/Vicat Tester.Figure 3‐2. ( a ) Vicat softening point apparatus. ( b ) HDT‐Vicat oil‐free test...Figure 3‐3. Torsion pendulum. Test equipment (schematic).Figure 3‐4. Dynamic mechanical properties by torsion pendulum versus tempera...Figure 3‐5. Plot of typical time–temperature data.Figure 3‐6. Typical UL yellow card.Figure 3‐7. Creep modulus versus temperature.Figure 3‐8. Creep rupture strength versus temperature.Figure 3‐9. Cross‐sectional view of the guarded hot plate.Figure 3‐10. Guarded not plate equipment.Figure 3‐11. Schematic configuration of a quartz‐tube dilatometer.Figure 3‐12. Typical specimen clamp for a brittleness temperature test.Figure 3‐13. Motor‐driven brittleness temperature tester.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4‐1. Dielectric strength test.Figure 4‐2. Schematic of the dielectric constant test.Figure 4‐3. Typical setup for the arc resistance test.Figure 4‐4. Test setup for the open field technique. (From EMI/RFI Shielding ...Figure 4‐5. Shielded box technique. (From EMI/RFI Shielding Guide . Reprinted...Figure 4‐6. Test setup for the coaxial transmission line technique. (From EM ...Figure 4‐7. Shielding room technique. (From EMI/RFI Shielding Guide . Reprint...Figure 4‐8. Point‐to‐point resistance measurement.Figure 4‐9. Adhesion testing.