Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century

5 Chapter 39 Figure 39.1 Broadcast, uplink, and bidirectional systems. Figure 39.2 Spectral mask for the 2 MHz signal (GLONASS Interface Control Do... Figure 39.3 Amplitude and phase response of the MBS transmit filter as a fun... Figure 39.4 Frequency spectrum of MBS 2 MHz signal in comparison with GPS C/... Figure 39.5 Zoomed‐in frequency spectrum of MBS 2 MHz signal in comparison w... Figure 39.6 Correlation function of MBS compared with example of GPS code PR... Figure 39.7 Correlation function of MBS and GPS at the peak. Figure 39.8 Correlation function showing close‐in side lobes. Figure 39.9 Beacon slot structure – preamble, pilot, and data sections. Figure 39.10 Relationship between GPS and MBS system timing. Figure 39.11 Transmitter block diagram. Figure 39.12 GPS search space. Figure 39.13 (a) Shows the MBS preamble search space and (b) shows the MBS b... Figure 39.14 (a) Shows a correlation function for a scenario with detectable... Figure 39.15 Sample channel responses from MBS beacons. Figure 39.16 Channel spread statistics. Figure 39.17 MBS timing receiver architecture. Figure 39.18 Time interval error for MBS timing reception measured over 48 h... Figure 39.19 Maximum time interval error (MTIE) of MBS timing measured over ... Figure 39.20 LPP call flow for MBS positioning using assistance. Figure 39.21 Representative 2D accuracy walk test result. Figure 39.22 Representative z‐axis walk test result at a multi‐storied hotel... Figure 39.23 The KML snapshot shows the 2D error performance.

6 Chapter 40 Figure 40.1 Distribution of digital broadcasting systems for terrestrial tel... Figure 40.2 Frame structure of ATSC‐8VSB DTV signals. Figure 40.3 Recovery of single sideband signals. Figure 40.4 Architecture of an ATSC‐8VSB baseband signal processor with TOA ... Figure 40.5 Acquisition of DTV signals. Figure 40.6 Tracking of DTV‐8VSB field sync codes (a)–(f) and pilot signals ... Figure 40.7 Frame structure of DVB‐T signals. Figure 40.8 Generation of an OFDM symbol for DVB‐T signals. Figure 40.9 Pilot organization for DVB‐T signals (not to scale). Figure 40.10 Architecture of a DVB‐T OFDM signal processor with TOA tracking... Figure 40.11 Ideal correlation functions for various components of an OFDM s... Figure 40.12 Test results of pilot‐carriers‐based delay tracking for refined... Figure 40.13 Layered segments of ISDB‐T channel and OFDM symbols in a segmen... Figure 40.14 Frame structure of DTMB signals. Figure 40.15 Bootstrap signaling within an ATSC 3.0 frame. Figure 40.16 Relationship of timelines at transmitter and receiver and aperi... Figure 40.17 Test environment with ATSC‐8VSB signals on Google Earth. Figure 40.18 Test setting for study of mobile fading. Figure 40.19 Fading study with six antennas in a stop‐move‐stop sequence. Figure 40.20 Range calibration and clock error estimation (Subplot (i) taken... Figure 40.21 Results of field tests for ranging with DVB‐T signals [8]. Figure 40.22 Geometry and coverage on estimation error and receiver complexi... Figure 40.23 Radio dead-reckoning (relative positioning) with mixed signals ...

7 Chapter 41 Figure 41.1 Loran‐C and Chayka positioning (solid lines) and data (dotted li... Figure 41.2 Loran‐C pulse. Figure 41.3 Loran‐C Cycle Identification process. The correct zero crossing ... Figure 41.4 Phase code interval transmission sequence of a Loran‐C chain.... Figure 41.5 Fifth‐generation AN/FPN‐64(V)1 XN‐1 SSX (background) prototype N... Figure 41.6 Seventh‐generation NL‐60 software‐defined transmitter. Figure 41.7 700‐ft TLM Loran antenna.Figure 41.8 Top: Representative TWSTT. Bottom: Representative TWLFTT.Figure 41.9 Loran‐C ground wave and sky‐wave propagation.Figure 41.10 Ground‐ and sky‐wave field intensities as a function of distanc...Figure 41.11 Twenty‐four hours of pulse envelopes from Sylt (left, at 407 km...Figure 41.12 Ten successive negative‐to‐positive zero crossings from Ejde me...Figure 41.13 Leading part of a Russian Chayka pulse envelope compared to the...Figure 41.14 Secondary factor as a function of distance.Figure 41.15 The ASF discounts for the additional propagation delay caused b...Figure 41.16 Modeled and measured ASF values for Nantucket, Massachusetts (m...Figure 41.17 Measured ASF values of the UK Anthorn eLoran transmitter (left)...Figure 41.18 ASFs of the UK Anthorn eLoran transmitter. The top‐left figure ...Figure 41.19 Temporal variation regions for the United States expressed in n...Figure 41.20 Detail of the I‐495 South track. The red lines depict the E‐fie...Figure 41.21 Land‐mobile ASFs measured along the 495‐South in Massachusetts,...Figure 41.22 Positioning performance during Tampa Bay Harbor Entrance and Ap...Figure 41.23 Comparison of CCIR noise predictions for North America and West...Figure 41.24 Example of interference in automotive Loran applications. Top: ...Figure 41.25 Cross‐rate between the European Loran chains GRI 6731 and GRI 9...Figure 41.26 The sky‐wave of the cross‐rating pulse (red) hits the tracking ...Figure 41.27 Legacy Loran‐C receivers: SI‐TEX XJ‐1 (left) and Koden LR‐770 (...Figure 41.28 Legacy line‐of‐position (LOP) chart for the US 9960 chain (left...Figure 41.29 Representative rack‐mount eLoran receivers.Figure 41.30 eLoran receiver design – signal reception and conditioning.Figure 41.31 A steep, narrow bandpass filter causes severe attenuation at th...Figure 41.32 Non‐causal “filt‐filt” filtering does preserve the phase and mo...Figure 41.33 Dual‐band (eLoran and GPS) E‐field antenna (left) and the inter...Figure 41.34 Equivalent receiver‐noise field strength.Figure 41.35 E‐field antenna followed by a charge‐amplifier. C adepicts the ...Figure 41.36 Ferrite‐loaded loop (left) and its equivalent circuit (right)....Figure 41.37 H‐field antenna in (left) resonance configuration and (right) w...Figure 41.38 Influence of rod length and rod diameter on noise performance (...Figure 41.39 Angular‐dependent TOA measurement error due to E‐field suscepti...Figure 41.40 H‐field antenna tuning errors measured during a data collection...Figure 41.41 Various sources of cross‐coupling or “cross‐talk” in an active ...Figure 41.42 eLoran research measurement setup installed on a boat. The H‐fi...Figure 41.43 Uncorrected H‐field antenna response (blue=loop 1, red=loop 2)....Figure 41.44 Antenna response after cross‐talk correction (blue depicts loop...Figure 41.45 eLoran receiver design – signal tracking, correction, and posit...Figure 41.46 eLoran positioning performance measured in 2014 on board the P...Figure 41.47 eLoran providing timing inside NYSE, accurate within 16.1 ns re...Figure 41.48 Transmitted alternative waveforms (Schue et al. [104]).Figure 41.49 Alternative waveforms in the time domain (left) and frequency d...

8 Chapter 42Figure 42.1 Chain Home radio tower (public domain).Figure 42.2 Maritime radar system display. The shape of the land masses near...Figure 42.3 The first SAR image, developed by the University of Michigan in ...Figure 42.4 SAR imagery of western Pennsylvania terrain, generated in the 19...Figure 42.5 Modern SAR image, generated in real‐time during flight by a mini...Figure 42.6 Overview of the typical stages in a radar system.Figure 42.7 Polar format mismatch between collected data and the reconstruct...Figure 42.8 Example transmitted OFDM symbol with random modulation.Figure 42.9 Example transmitted OFDM symbol with preset modulation on the fi...Figure 42.10 Overview of the navigation system implemented.Figure 42.11 Overview of radar signal processing method.Figure 42.12 Illustration of radar slow time versus fast time. The radar sys...Figure 42.13 Matched filter output of an OFDM pulse reflecting off a perfect...Figure 42.14 Matched filter output of an OFDM pulse reflecting off three ref...Figure 42.15 MF SNR histogram for target and no target scenarios. The true M...Figure 42.16 Stochastic exploration of large SAR data sets.Figure 42.17 Block diagram of experimental UWB‐OFDM radar system.Figure 42.18 SAR image captured with experimental system via backprojection....Figure 42.19 BER of experimental system transmitting at a data rate of 57 Mb...Figure 42.20 SAR phase history magnitude (observing a single stationary corn...Figure 42.21 Fast‐time collection after pulse compression (observing a singl...Figure 42.22 Phase history after pulse compression (observing a single stati...Figure 42.23 Phase history after pulse compression (observing a single corne...Figure 42.24 Single track extracted range history for data set in Figure 42....Figure 42.25 Phase history after pulse compression for moving radar in hallw...Figure 42.26 Phase history after pulse compression. Short sample taken from ...Figure 42.27 SAR data set computed navigation solutions, shown with and with...