Rebecca Skaggs - 1, 2 Peter and Jude Through the Centuries

1 Cover

2 Acknowledgments

3 Abbreviations

4 Introduction Historical Overview and Genre Reception Historical Sources for 1, 2 Peter, and Jude Significant Ancient Interpreters Nineteenth‐ and Twentieth‐Century Perspectives Aims and Methods of this Commentary Literary Relationships: Which Came First – Jude or 2 Peter?

5 Chapter 1: The Transformed Life in the Context of Suffering, Grace, Hope, and Love (1:1–2:10) Author, Audience, and Abundant Grace (1:1–2) The Meaning and Purpose of Suffering (1:3–10) Consequences of the Transformed Life: Suffering Related to the Suffering of Christ (1:11–12) Consequences of the Transformed Life: Hope, Holiness, and Love (1:13–23) The Transformed Life: Three Metaphors (1:24 – 2:10) The Grass Metaphor (1:24, 25) The Milk Metaphor (2:1–3) The Living Stones Metaphor (2:4–10) Doctrinal Interpretations: The Priesthood of all Believers Doctrinal Interpretations: Eternal Security

6 Chapter 2: Three Practical Situations (1 Peter 2:11–3:17) Transition (2:11–12) The Governing Authorities (2:13–17) Slavery (2:18–25) Submission and Suffering for Doing Good Christ as Guardian of Our Souls, v.25 Marriage (3:1–7) Ornamentation (3:3–6) To “Husbands” (3:7) The “Weaker Vessel” (3:7) Transition: Summary and Concepts to Come (3:8–17) Summary: Live in Harmony and Mutual Love (3:8–12) Suffering for Doing Good (3:13–17)

7 Chapter 3: Christ’s Visit to the Spirits in Prison, 3:18–22 Christ’s Resurrection, the Ground of the Transformed Life The Preaching or Announcement in Hades The Audience for Christ’s Preaching Religious Traditions Opposition Summary of the Effects of 1 Peter 3:18–22 So Far Other Interpretations Effects in Literature Effects in Music Effects in Drama Effects in Art Relation to the Harrowing of Hell Tradition Summary/Observations

8 Chapter 4: The Transformed Life: The Believer as Sufferer (1 Peter 4:1–19) Suffering is in God’s Control (4:7–11) Love Covers a Multitude of Sins (v.8) Love Shown in Joyful Service and Hospitality (4:9–11) Suffering for Being a Christian (4:12–19) The Spirit of Glory … Rests upon You (v.14) Judgment Begins with the House of God (4:17) Scarcely Saved (vv.18–19)

9 Chapter 5: Final Exhortations and Greetings (1 Peter 5:1–14) Message to Three Groups (5:1–10): “Elders” (vv.1–4); the “Younger” (vv.5–6); and “All” (vv.6–10) The Message to “All” (vv.2, 6–10) God Gives Grace to the Humble (vv.6–11) The Final Promise to All (vv.10–11) Final Greetings: Who, Where, and How (vv.12–14) Who is Silvanus and What is His Role in the Writing of the Epistle? Who is “Mark?” Where/What is Babylon?

10 Chapter 6: Jude: A Dynamic Response to Heresy Greeting and Purpose Purpose (v.3) The Body of the Epistle: Charges/Punishment Predicted (vv.4–16) The Fallen Angels: Second Example of Punishment (v.6) Sodom and Gomorrah: Third Example (v.7) Second Set of Triple Charges (vv.8–11): Pollution, Rejection of Authority, Slander of Heavenly Beings The Illustration: The Dispute Between Michael and Satan (v.9) Three Examples of Punishment: Cain, Balaam, and Korah (v.11) Metaphors of Charges Against the Teachers (vv.12–16) Prediction of Punishment: Enoch’s Prophecy (vv.14–16) Exhortations to the Faithful (17–23) Closing Doxology (vv.24–25) Effects in Literature, Culture, and Art: Michael and Satan’s Dispute (v.9)

11 Chapter 7: Excursus: Jude’s Role in the Reception History of Enoch Enoch in the Early Church Summary Effects in Literature, Culture, and Art: The Fallen Angels, Jude 6; 2 Peter 2:4

12 Chapter 8: Greetings and the Bases for Certainty (2 Peter 1) Greetings: Authorship, Authenticity, and Authority (1:1–2) The Basis for Certainty and Peter’s Response: Participation in the Divine Nature (1:4–11) Can Salvation Be Lost? (vv.10–11) More Grounds for Certainty: Eyewitness Testimony (1:12–15) Even More Grounds for Certainty: The Nature of Prophecy and the Inspiration of Scripture (1:16–21)

13 Chapter 9: The False Teachers and Peter’s Response (2 Peter 2:1–22)

14 Chapter 10: Where is the Promise of His Coming? (2 Peter 3:1–18) Reaffirmation and Reminders (3:1–3) Where is the Promise and Peter’s Response: Judgment and Rescue (3:4–10) Final Exhortations (3:11–18)

15 Chapter 11 Excursus: Delay of the Parousia (2 Peter 3) Modern and Current Scholarship (eighteenth to twenty‐first centuries)

16 Concluding Remarks

17 Appendix 1: Who Wrote These Epistles? The Reception of 1, 2 Peter and Jude 1 Peter's Authenticity Jude’s Authenticity 2 Peter’s Authenticity

18 Appendix 2: Ancient Writers, their Writings, and their Sources

19 Appendix 3: Reception Historical Timeline

20 Appendix 4: Overview of the Reception History of Enoch The Book of the Watchers: the fallen angels

21 Glossary

22 Bibliography Websites

23 Index of Biblical References

24 Index

25 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 “Anastasia” fresco (c.1315). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...Figure 3.2 The Tiberius Psalter (mid‐eleventh century). https://commons.wiki...Figure 3.3 “The Harrowing of Hell” in Petite Heures de Jean de Berry.https:/...Figure 3.4 Duccio di Buoninsegna (c.1308–1311), Italian. https://commons.wik...Figure 3.5 Fra Angelico (1450), Italian. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/...Figure 3.6 Fierenzo (1365), Italian. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File...Figure 3.7 Dürer, “Descent of Christ” (1510), German. https://commons.wikime...Figure 3.8 Bermejo, “The Descent of Christ into Limbo” (1475), Spanish. http...Figure 3.9 Bermejo, “Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise,” Spanish. ht...Figure 3.10 “Harrowing of Hell” by a follower of H. Bosch. https://commons.w...Figure 3.11 “Christ’s Descent into Hell” by a follower of H. Bosch. https://...Figure 3.12 “The Harrowing of Hell” by Swanenburg. https://commons.wikimedia...

2 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 “St. Michael Disputing with Satan,” tympanum sculpted by John Bir...Figure 6.2 Blake: “The Burial of Moses.” Courtesy of Harvard Art Museums/Fog...

3 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Rubens: “The Fall of the Rebel Angels/The Fall of the Damned”. ht...Figure 7.2 Doré: “Fall of the Rebel Angels”. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w...Figure 7.3 Blake, 1807, “Enoch: Father of the Arts,” Lithograph. https://com...

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2 Table of Contents

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