Sustainable Food Packaging Technology

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Main advantages and disadvantages of lignocellulosic fibers in poly...Table 8.2 Examples of reactive compatibilization in PHA/fiber composites.

8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Poly‐paper formulations (from 0% to 55% of cellulose fibers content...Table 9.2 Mechanical parameters obtained from tensile mechanical tests perfor...Table 9.3 Characteristics (density, expansion factor, and color) based on dif...Table 9.4 Characteristics (density, expansion factor, and color) for 100 : 0,...Table 9.5 Adhesive property results of Poly‐Paper 50% coupled with itself, pe...

9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Physical and mechanical properties of untreated and treated papers...Table 10.2 Comparison of grease resistance properties of paper coated with di...Table 10.3 Comparison ofoxygen permeability (OP) of treated paper with other ...

10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Oxygen permeability of NC film compared to those made from commerc...Table 11.2 WVTR of NC compared to commercially available petroleum‐based mate...

11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Main active packaging systems.Table 12.2 Examples of antimicrobial plant extracts incorporated into bio‐bas...Table 12.3 Examples of antimicrobial organic acids, their salts and anhydride...Table 12.4 Examples of bacteriocins incorporated into bio‐based polymer matri...Table 12.5 Examples of antimicrobial enzymes incorporated into bio‐based poly...Table 12.6 Examples of chitosan‐based antimicrobial films.

12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Active bioplastic films containing tea and berry extracts.Table 13.2 Different bioplastic films incorporated with extractions from herb...Table 13.3 Active packaging compositions and the effect of natural additives ...

13 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Overview of common target analytes used for sensing in food safety...Table 14.2 Commercially available smart packaging systems.

14 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Several natural polymer barrier properties and in certain cases in...Table 15.2 Summary of bi‐ or multilayer food packaging systems made by combin...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Classification of biopolymers widely used in packaging. Figure 1.2 Commercial food packaging articles made of polylactide (PLA): (a)... Figure 1.3 Biodegradable food tray made of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) obt... Figure 1.4 Schematic flow diagram of the production of bio‐based polyethylen... Figure 1.5 Image of the PlantBottle™ made up to 30% from biomass and 100% re... Figure 1.6 Biodegradable packaging articles based on starch. Figure 1.7 Cellulose derivatives categorized based on their pH‐responsive be... Figure 1.8 Scheme of the gelatin manufacturing from denaturation of collagen... Figure 1.9 A zein film obtained from corn.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Fishery production, wastage, and possible solutions.

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Edible film and coating manufacturing. Figure 3.2 Sodium alginate manufacturing process. Figure 3.3 Carrageenan manufacturing process.Figure 3.4 Time‐lapse of the effect of silk fibroin edible coating on strawb...Figure 3.5 (a) Time‐lapse photography of silk fibroin coating effect on bana...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Structural formula of PLA.Figure 4.2 Synthesis of PLA from L‐ and D‐lactic acids.Figure 4.3 Properties required for packaging material.Figure 4.4 Hemp/PLA Co‐wrapped hybrid yarn.Figure 4.5 Mechanism of enhancement in the interface of ramie and PLA by usi...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 General properties required for properties of packaging materials...Figure 5.2 Classifications of biopolymers.Figure 5.3 Chemical structure of (a) amylose and (b) amylopectin.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 World plastic production 2004–2017.Figure 6.2 Distribution of plastics demand by segments.Figure 6.3 Degradation time of selected fuel‐based plastics.Figure 6.4 Classification of bio‐based, biodegradable polymers based on thei...Figure 6.5 Schematic representation of a transversal section of the outer pa...Figure 6.6 Chemical structure of the reference fatty hydroxyesters used.Figure 6.7 (bottom) Transmission IR spectra of reference polyhydroxyesters o...Figure 6.8 Solid‐state 13C NMR of reference polyhydroxyesters prepared in ai...Figure 6.9 (top) TGA and (bottom) TGA‐derivative profiles of the reference p...Figure 6.10 Tensile stress‐train curves of the reference polyhydroxyesters p...Figure 6.11 (a) ATR‐FTIR quantification of the amount of oxidized species at...Figure 6.12 ATR‐FTIR spectra of the air‐exposed and air‐preserved sides of p...Figure 6.13 Visual aspect of poly triHPA prepared in air at variable time an...Figure 6.14 Total transmittance curves of poly triHPA prepared under oxidati...Figure 6.15 (a) Specular ATR‐FTIR spectra of polyaleuritate films on stainle...Figure 6.16 (a) Specular ATR–FTIR ν (C=O) band fitting pattern for polya...Figure 6.17 Photographs of the samples of the plant‐cuticle film composites ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 (a) Zein powder extracted from corn. (b) Complete structure of Z1...Figure 7.2 Biodegradable films produced from different proteins and their bl...Figure 7.3 (a) The steps of the blown extrusion technique including (1) zein...Figure 7.4 (a) Ternary phase diagram for the solubility of zein in ethanol a...Figure 7.5 Different types of zein films solvent cast from DMSO and their sh...Figure 7.6 Photographs of zein‐glass microfluidic devices with complex fluid...Figure 7.7 The solid‐state 13C‐CP‐MAS‐NMR spectra of zeins (Z1) obtained by ...Figure 7.8 (a) TEM micrograph showing protein in corn gluten meal/starch ext...Figure 7.9 Rheological properties of powdery zein plasticized with 20 wt% gl...Figure 7.10 (a) SEM micrograph of the corn–zein‐coated PP film for thickness...Figure 7.11 Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TPAFM) images of zein/F127...Figure 7.12 (a) Confocal light scanning microscopy images of different parts...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 General structure of PHAs.Figure 8.2 Optical micrographs of PHB spherulites showing cracks and fissure...Figure 8.3 Schematic representation of the three‐phase model and the “contin...Figure 8.4 Mechanism of thermal degradation of PHAs by cis‐elimination. The ...Figure 8.5 Schematic representation of the structure of lignocellulosic fibe...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Process parameters (zone temperatures from Z1 to Z8) in relation ...Figure 9.2 Cross‐sections of the semifinished products obtained from extrusi...Figure 9.3 The effect of cellulose microfiber content on Young's modulus.Figure 9.4 (a) Poly‐Paper pellets and (b) Poly‐Paper filled mold.Figure 9.5 Starting slabs (a) and result thermoformed Poly‐Paper (b) [27]....Figure 9.6 Poly‐Paper 3D printed samples, flat printed and shaped via heat t...Figure 9.7 Shortening (%) vs. time (days) of different formulations of Poly‐...Figure 9.8 Adhesive determination of Poly‐Paper samples to wood and cardboar...Figure 9.9 Water dissolution kinetics of Poly‐Paper in three different formu...Figure 9.10 Preliminary test on Poly‐Paper, Aticelca test method mc 501: 201...Figure 9.11 Preliminary results of Aticelca test on Poly‐Paper, test method ...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Stereo‐micrograph of untreated and treated cardboard with polyme...Figure 10.2 SEM images of (a) an untreated cellulosic sheet (35‐μm thickness...Figure 10.3 XPS analysis of untreated and treated cardboard (a) untreated, (...Figure 10.4 FTIR spectra of untreated cardboard, polymer 1 (capstone) treate...Figure 10.5 Water drop deposited onto the (a) untreated and fluorinated caps...Figure 10.6 Water drop deposited onto the internal part of untreated and tre...Figure 10.7 Image taken after complete dipping of the ECA (5 wt%) treated ca...Figure 10.8 Water contact angle (WCA) of cardboard 1 (cardboard weight 800–9...Figure 10.9 Oil contact angle (OCA) of cardboard 1 (cardboard weight 800–900...Figure 10.10 Water contact angle (WCA) of cardboard 2 (weight 200–500 g/m 2) ...Figure 10.11 Water contact angle (WCA) of cardboard 2 (weight 200–500 g/m 2) ...Figure 10.12 Moisture content for cardboard 1 (cardboard weight 800–900 g/m 2Figure 10.13 Moisture content for cardboard 2 (cardboard weight 200–500 g/m 2Figure 10.14 Mechanical properties of cardboard 1 (cardboard weight 800–900 ...Figure 10.15 Mechanical properties of cardboard 2 (cardboard weight 200–500 ...Figure 10.16 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of (a, b) untreated...Figure 10.17 Water and oil droplets remaining trace onto the surface and ben...Figure 10.18 Water and oil resistance tests of treated paper. (a, b) Water a...