George Osol - Physiology of Human Reproduction

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Osol, George, author.

Title: Physiology of human reproduction : notes for students / George Osol.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021. | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020026467 (print) | LCCN 2020026468 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119609582 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119609605 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119609575 (epub)

Subjects: MESH: Reproduction–physiology | Study Guide

Classification: LCC QP251 (print) | LCC QP251 (ebook) | NLM WQ 200.1 | DDC 612.6–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026467LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026468

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Chad Baker/Getty Images

Iwould like to thank Wiley, particularly James Watson, Anne Hunt, and D. Vincent Rajan for their editorial assistance and guidance with the publication and copyediting process, and my family for their patience and support.

1 1. Three basic requirements for male fertility

2 2. GnRH

3 3. LH and FSH

4 4. Pulsatile release

5 5. First vs. second messengers

6 6. Leydig cells

7 7. Action of LH

8 8. Testosterone

9 9. Sertoli cells

10 10. Three main types of sex steroids

11 11. Aromatization

12 12. Conversion of testosterone into estrogen

13 13. Action of FSH

14 14. Inhibin

15 15. Sertoli cell functions

16 16. The blood-testis barrier

17 17. Spatial relationships in males vs. females

18 18. Diverse actions of testosterone

19 19. Actions of testosterone in utero

20 20. Sexual differentiation

21 21. Androgens during puberty

22 22. DHT

23 23. 5α-reductase

24 24. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

25 25. Sperm count

26 26. Seminiferous tubules

27 27. Spermatogonia

28 28. Primary spermatocytes

29 29. Secondary spermatocytes

30 30. Alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes; genetic diversity

31 31. Spermatids

32 32. Acrosome

33 33. Axoneme

34 34. Spermiogenesis

35 35. Gymnosperm (X) vs. androsperm (Y)

36 36. Epididymal passage and decapacitation

37 37. Prostatic secretions

38 38. Secretions of the seminal vesicle

39 39. Clotting/de-clotting of semen

40 40. Process of liquefaction

41 41. Testicular thermoregulation

42 42. Cryptorchidism

43 43. Cremaster (mechanism 1)

44 44. Sweat glands (mechanism 2)

45 45. Countercurrent heat exchange (mechanism 3)

46 46. Pampiniform plexus

47 47. Varicocele

48 48. Asymmetry in vascular anatomy

49 49. Erectile tissue

50 50. Neurovascular mechanism of erection: parasympathetic + NO

51 51. cGMP is the intracellular second messenger in penile arteries

52 52. Filling phase

53 53. Tumescent phase

54 54. PDE-5 inhibitors

55 55. Ejaculatory reflex

56 56. Emission phase

57 57. Ejaculatory phase

58 58. Other muscular events during ejaculation

59 59. Male orgasm

60 60. Male infertility

61 61. Low sperm count

62 62. Semen analysis

63 63. WHO parameters for semen analysis

64 64. Hypospadias

65 65. Erectile dysfunction (ED)

66 66. Impotence vs. infertility

1 67. Menarche

2 68. Menstrual cycle length

3 69. Hypothalamic pulse generator encoding

4 70. Mullerian and Wolffian ducts

5 71. Germinal epithelium

6 72. Oogonia

7 73. Primary oocytes

8 74. Process of attrition

9 75. Secondary oocyte

10 76. Arrest in metaphase

11 77. Ovum

12 78. Polar body

13 79. Granulosa cell precursors

14 80. Unilaminar or primordial follicle

15 81. Primary follicle

16 82. Follicular recruitment

17 83. Zona pellucida

18 84. Secondary follicle

19 85. Liquor folliculi

20 86. Tertiary (= dominant, vesicular, mature or Graafian) follicle

21 87. Follicular phase

22 88. Length of follicular vs. luteal phases

23 89. Estrogen

24 90. Cooperative mechanism between theca and granulosa cells

25 91. Thecal production of testosterone

26 92. Aromatization into estrogen by granulosa cells

27 93. Follicular cohort

28 94. Inhibin-activin family

29 95. Emergence of dominant follicle

30 96. Estrogen in the follicular phase

31 97. LH surge

32 98. Ovulatory phase

33 99. Ovulation detection kits

34 100. Cumulus oophorus

35 101. Corona radiata

36 102. Corpus luteum

37 103. Progesterone

38 104. Luteal phase

39 105. Endometrium

40 106. Menstrual phase

41 107. Proliferative phase

42 108. Secretory phase

43 109. Death of the corpus luteum

44 110. Rescue of the CL

45 111. Estrogen receptors: ERα and ERβ [111]

46 112. Major actions of estrogen

47 113. Major actions of progesterone

1 114. Secondary oocyte and its vestments

2 115. Corona radiata

3 116. Window of pregnancy

4 117. Number of viable sperm

5 118. Semen coagulation and liquefaction

6 119. Cervical mucus and sperm passage

7 120. Reverse peristalsis

8 121. Chemical losses/pregnancies

9 122. Capacitation

10 123. Decapacitation

11 124. Acrosome reaction

12 125. Cortical reaction

13 126. Zona reaction

14 127. Block to polyspermy

15 128. Species specificity

16 129. Cross-species fertilization

17 130. Zygote

18 131. Morula

19 132. Ectopic pregnancy

20 133. Blastocyst

21 134. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

22 135. Luteo-placental shift

23 136. Endometrial decidualization

24 137. Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

25 138. Identical (monozygotic twins)

26 139. Incidence of twinning

27 140. Spiral arteries

28 141. Structure of a fetal villus

29 142. Placental transport pathways

30 143. Gestational diabetes

31 144. Fetal circulation

32 145. Placental endocrine secretions

33 146. Pregnancy levels of estrogen and progesterone

34 147. Estrone (E1) and estriol (E3)

35 148. Nondisjunction

36 149. Turner syndrome (monosomies)

37 150. Klinefelter syndrome (trisomies)

38 151. Fetal membranes

39 152. Amniocentesis

40 153. Chorionic villous sampling (CVS)

41 154. Isolation of cell-free DNA

42 155. Earl pregnancy proteins

43 156. Cardiovascular adaptation

44 157. Respiratory adaptation

45 158. Uterine (myometrial) adaptation

46 159. Embryonic period

47 160. Fetal period

48 161. Progesterone block

49 162. Labor

50 163. Initiation of labor: fetus or mother?

51 164. Three stages of labor

52 165. Preterm delivery

53 166. Production and secretion of milk

54 167. Alveolar epithelial cells

55 168. Colostrum

56 169. Milk let-down reflex

57 170. Prolactin

58 171. Benefits of breastfeeding

59 172. Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)

60 173. Long-term effects of pregnancy: consequence vs. predisposition?

1 174. Masters and Johnson

2 175. Limbic system

3 176. Libido

4 177. Sexual arousal in the female

5 178. Sex flush

6 179. Orgasmic platform

7 180. G-spot

1 181. Puberty

2 182. Hypothalamic sensitivity in childhood