Ian Peate - Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance

1 Cover

2 Title Page Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance Second Edition Ian Peate, OBE FRCN University of Roehampton, London; Visiting Professor St Georges and Kingston University, London; Visiting Professor Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne; Visiting Senior Clinical Fellow University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK Series Editor: Ian Peate

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface

5 Abbreviations

6 Acknowledgements

7 How to use your revision guide and the companion websiteFeatures contained within your revision guide

8 Part 1: Foundations 1 Anatomical terms Anatomical position Anatomical terms Directional terms Planes Body cavities 2 Genetics and genomics DNA and RNA Mitosis, meiosis and fertilisation Mitosis Meiosis Fertilisation 3 Homeostasis Homeostasis Feedback mechanisms Negative feedback Positive feedback 4 Fluid compartments Body water Location of body fluids Maintaining fluid balance Body fluid movement 5 Cells and organelles Components of a cell 6 Transport systems Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Endocytosis and exocytosis 7 Blood Functions Blood components Development of blood cells 8 Inflammation and immunity Immunity Inflammation 9 Tissues Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue

9 Part 2: The nervous system 10 The brain and nerves The brain The meninges The cerebrospinal fluid The neuron Cranial nerves 11 The structures of the brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebellum Limbic system Ventricles of the brain Cerebrospinal fluid 12 The spinal cord Spinal cord sections Functions of the spinal cord Reflex actions Spinal nerves 13 The blood supply Circle of Willis The blood–brain barrier 14 The autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Autonomic control by the CNS Autonomic reflexes 15 The peripheral nervous system Peripheral nervous system connections Sensory division Motor division

10 Part 3: The heart and vascular system 16 The heart Walls of the heart Chambers of the heart Valves of the heart Blood vessels of the heart 17 Blood flow through the heart Blood flow Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Coronary veins 18 The conducting system Cardiac conduction Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Left and right bundle branches Purkinje fibres The cardiac cycle 19 Nerve supply to the heart The autonomic nervous system Chemical regulation Baroreceptors Other factors in heart regulation 20 The structure of the blood vessels The blood vessels Structure of the blood vessels The arteries The veins The capillaries 21 The blood pressure What is blood pressure? Physiological factors The control of blood pressure Taking a blood pressure measurement 22 The lymphatic circulation Functions of the lymphatic system The lymphatic system Lymph Lymph nodes Lymphatic organs

11 Part 4: The respiratory system 23 The respiratory tract Upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract Blood supply 24 Pulmonary ventilation Breathing Inspiration Exhalation Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation Lung volumes 25 Control of breathing Medullary rhythmic area Pneumotaxic area Apneustic area Central chemoreceptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Inflation reflex Other influences on respiration 26 Gas exchange External respiration Exchange of gases in the lungs Fick’s Law Internal respiration Factors affecting pulmonary and systemic gas exchange Transport of gases

12 Part 5: The gastrointestinal tract 27 The upper gastrointestinal tract The mouth (the oral cavity) Oesophagus Stomach 28 The lower gastrointestinal tract The small intestine The large intestine (the colon) 29 The liver, gall bladder and biliary tree The liver The gall bladder 30 The pancreas and spleen The pancreas The spleen 31 Digestion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Digestion and absorption

13 Part 6: The urinary system 32 The kidney (microscopic) Nephrons Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting ducts 33 The kidney (macroscopic) The kidney Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Blood supply Nerve supply 34 The ureters, bladder and urethra The ureters The urinary bladder The urethra 35 The formation of urine Filtration Selective reabsorption Secretion Hormonal control Aldosterone

14 Part 7: The male reproductive system 36 The external male genitalia The testes Spermatogenesis The penis The epididymis Vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and spermatic cord 37 The prostate gland Zones of the prostate gland Surfaces of the prostate gland Function of the prostate gland Some structures around the prostate gland Prostate specific antigen 38 Spermatogenesis Male sex hormones

15 Part 8: The female reproductive system 39 The female internal reproductive organs Internal female reproductive organs Female sex hormones The uterus The fallopian tubes The vagina The cervix 40 The external female genitalia Mons veneris Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Urethra Hymen Blood supply Lymphatic drainage Nerve supply 41 The female breast The female breast Breast development Hormones and the breast 42 The menstrual cycle The reproductive cycle The pituitary gland The follicular phase The ovulatory phase The luteal phase The menstrual cycle

16 Part 9: The endocrine system 43 The endocrine system The endocrine glands The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus The pineal gland The anterior pituitary lobe The posterior pituitary lobe 44 The thyroid and adrenal glands The thyroid gland Parathyroid glands The adrenal glands 45 The pancreas and gonads The pancreas The gonads Other endocrine glands

17 Part 10: The musculoskeletal system 46 Bone structure Bone Ossification The skeleton 47 Bone types The skeleton Skeletal divisions Bone types 48 Joints Joints Movements Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Fixed joints 49 Muscles Muscle tissue Properties of muscle tissue

18 Part 11: The skin 50 The skin The layers of the skin 51 The skin appendages The dermal appendages 52 Epithelialisation Wounds How wounds heal Types of wound healing Wound closure 53 Granulation Granulation tissue Tissue repair Overgranulation

19 Part 12: The senses 54 Sight Vision The orbit Eyelids, lashes, eyebrows The lacrimal apparatus The sclera The cornea The aqueous humour The iris The lens and ciliary muscle The retina Visual system pathways to the brain The visual cortex 55 Hearing The ear The outer (external) ear The middle ear The inner ear 56 Olfaction Physiology of olfaction Olfactory nerve and cribriform plate Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract 57 Gustation The tongue Anatomy and physiology Taste bud anatomy

20 Appendix 1: Normal physiological values Full blood count Coagulation Haematinics Biochemistry Endocrinology Other biochemistry tests Tumour markers Immunology Lumbar puncture results

21 Appendix 2: Prefixes and suffixes

22 Appendix 3: Glossary

23 Further reading

24 Index

25 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 The body cavities.

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Types of RNA.

3 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Common elements in the body.

4 Chapter 8 Table 8.1 Types of antibodies.

5 Chapter 39Table 39.1 The layers of the uterus.

6 Chapter 43Table 43.1 Hormones released by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gla...

7 Chapter 44Table 44.1 Some effects associated with abnormal secretion of thyroid hormo...

8 Chapter 45Table 45.1 Other endocrine glands.

9 Chapter 54Table 54.1 Structures of the eye.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 The standard anatomical position. Figure 1.2 Anatomical terms. Figure 1.3 Anatomical planes. Figure 1.4 Body cavities.