Machine Vision Inspection Systems, Machine Learning-Based Approaches

Steps for TEMVIs Classification

Step 1: Input several categories of TEMVIs such as EV, ENV, LV, SARS-CoV-2 and ZV.

Step 2: Perform image embedding mechanism by considering input TEMVIs.

Step 3: Test and score calculation by considering image embedding data and by applying LR, NN, kNN and NB techniques separately to compute CA values.

Step 4: Create confusion matrix to represent the classification results each technique.

Figure 1.1 Methodology.

This work uses Orange 3-3.24.1 [56] for the simulation purpose. Several TEMVIs with different sizes are taken from the source [59–88]. In this work, 30 TEMVIs with 6 images of each category such as EV, ENV, LV, SARS-CoV-2 and ZV are taken for testing purpose which is mentioned in Figures 1.2– 1.6. The TEMVIs are processed using ML-based classification techniques such as LR, NN, kNN and NB. The classification results of these techniques are mentioned in Figures 1.7– 1.10, 1.11– 1.14, 1.15– 1.18, 1.19– 1.22, 1.23– 1.26by considering number of folds (NoF) as 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 respectively. In this work, five different cases such as cases-I–V are considered by taking five different NoF such as 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 respectively.

Figure 1.2 Ebola virus images (1–6) with sizes 331 × 152, 254 × 198, 203 × 248, 189 × 267, 266 × 190, and 259 × 194 respectively.

Figure 1.3Entero virus images (1–6) with sizes 225 × 225, 250 × 201, 225 × 225, 214 × 235, 191 × 264, 209 × 190 respectively.

Figure 1.4Lassa virus images (1–6) with sizes 251 × 201, 180 × 180, 259 × 194, 241 × 209, 262 × 192, 299 × 168 respectively.

Figure 1.5SARS-CoV-2 virus images (1–6) with sizes 225 × 225, 256 × 197, 254 × 198, 243 × 207, 249 × 203, 300 × 168 respectively.

The test and score calculation is carried out by using cross validation sampling mechanism with different NoF. The classification results generated by using confusion matrix for each of these classification techniques represent actual and predicted values by showing the number of instances. The correct classification results are represented by the help of light blue color and the misclassification results are represented by the help of light red color. Table 1.1represents the CA values by applying the LR, NN, kNN and NB classification techniques.

Figure 1.6 Zika virus images (1-6) with sizes 225 225, 202 × 250, 225 × 225, 211 × 239, 244 × 207, 236 × 213 respectively.

Case-I (NoF = 2)

Figure 1.7 Classification result by applying LR technique.

Figure 1.8Classification result by applying NN technique.

Figure 1.9Classification result by applying kNN technique.

Figure 1.10 Classification result by applying NB technique.

Case-II (NoF = 3)

Figure 1.11 Classification result by applying LR technique.

Figure 1.12Classification result by applying NN technique.

Figure 1.13Classification result by applying kNN technique.

Figure 1.14 Classification result by applying NB technique.

Case-III (NoF = 5)

Figure 1.15 Classification result by applying LR technique.

Figure 1.16Classification result by applying NN technique.

Figure 1.17Classification result by applying kNN technique.

Figure 1.18 Classification result by applying NB technique.

Case-IV (NoF = 10)

Figure 1.19 Classification result by applying LR technique.

Figure 1.20Classification result by applying NN technique.

Figure 1.21Classification result by applying kNN technique.