Carbon Nanofibers

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Diagram of effect of intrinsic property on nanocatalyst. (Source: htt... Figure 3.2 Gold clusters with DPA dendron. Figure 3.3 Schematics showing formation of nano-sized particles of aluminum hydr... Figure 3.4 Different synthesis approaches available for the preparation of metal... Figure 3.5 The process of nanoparticle formation by plant extract. (Source: Diza... Figure 3.6 CNF of different morphologies: (a) Platelets, (b) Spiral platelets, (... Figure 3.7 TEM images of CNFs with (a & b) herringbone structure without hollow ... Figure 3.8 Schematic diagram of the electrospinning setup used for CNF fabricati...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 CNF synthesized from biogenic sources: (left) Sugar cane fiber bagass... Figure 4.2 CNF synthesized from chemical hydrocarbon sources: (left) Plastic and... Figure 4.3 Types of nanocomposites based on different polymers used. Figure 4.4 Polymer layered nanocomposite. (Source: Denault & Labrecque 2004). Figure 4.5 Molecular structure of starch.Figure 4.6 Molecular structure of cellulose.Figure 4.7 Molecular structure of collagen.Figure 4.8 Triple-helical structure of collagen.Figure 4.9 Molecular structure of chitosan.Figure 4.10 Molecular structure of gelatin.Figure 4.11 Molecular structure of fibrin.Figure 4.12 Molecular structure of alginic acid.Figure 4.13 Molecular structure of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA).Figure 4.14 Molecular structure of poly ethylene glycol (PEG).Figure 4.15 Molecular structure of poly caprolactone (PCL).Figure 4.16 Molecular structure of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).Figure 4.17 Molecular structure of poly glycerol sebacate (PGS).Figure 4.18 SEM and TEM images of the PPy-coated CNF as a toxic gas sensor. (Sou...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic of AFM: (a) Principle of operation, (b) Modes of operation.Figure 5.2 AFM images representing height images (left) and phase images (right)...Figure 5.3 Schematic diagram of STM’s operation principle of Quantum Mechanical ...Figure 5.4 Schematic diagrams of (a) SEM along with the EDAX detector and (b) TE...Figure 5.5 SEM images of PAN-based CNFs as a function of HTT: (a) 700; (b) 800; ...Figure 5.6 The SEM microstructure of (a) PPy nanofiber web and (b) CNF webs. (So...Figure 5.7 STEM images of Pd10/nCNF (a), Pd20/nCNF (b), Pd30/nCNF (c), and Pd40/...Figure 5.8 TEM images of NiMo/CNF synthesized at (a) 400°C, (b) 500°C, and (c) 6...Figure 5.9 Morphological examinations of the as-synthesized Ni3Fe@N-C NT/NFs. (a...Figure 5.10 (a) EDX spectrum of s Compositional analyses of the as-prepared Ni3F...Figure 5.11 Photon-Phonon reaction.Figure 5.12 A typical Raman spectroscopy setup. (Source: Recreated from Jian Che...Figure 5.13 Typical Raman plot of CNFs.Figure 5.14 (a) Raman spectra of NiMo/CNF with various synthetic temperature. So...Figure 5.15 Raman spectra of PAN-based carbon nanofibers as a function of HTT: (...Figure 5.16 XRD patterns of PAN-based carbon nanofibers as a function of HTT: (a...Figure 5.17 X-ray diffraction results for CNF and modified CNFs. (Source: Nguyen...Figure 5.18 (a) XRD of Pd/nCNF samples with variation in ALD cycles. Source: Moh...Figure 5.19 Block diagram of a spectrophotometer. Model: Jasco V670.Figure 5.20 Typical plots of (a) photon energy dependence of ( αhu ) of ACNF layer...Figure 5.21 (a) TGA curves of as-prepared Ni 3Fe@N-CNFs. Source: Tongfei Li, Gan ...Figure 5.22 A typical calibration curve of absorbance of Methylene blue vs. conc...Figure 5.23 Typical Type II isotherms: (i) with sharp “knee,” (ii) with rounded ...Figure 5.24 BET plots of N 2adsorption and desorption for NiMo encapsulated CNFs...Figure 5.25 Hydrogen storage capacity of different carbon material. Source: Manm...Figure 5.26 (a) Volume electrical resistivity of the composites made with CNF, a...Figure 5.27 Electrical conductivity of PAN-based carbon nanofibers as a function...Figure 5.28 (a) A typical four probe nanoscale device with four to five metal el...Figure 5.29 Illustration of tunneling AFM (TUNA) setup. Source: Raimondo et al. ,...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Resistivity vs. Temperature curve of (a) metal, (b) semiconductor, an...Figure 6.2 Orientation of Cooper pair and lattice atoms in BCS theory.Figure 6.3 Meissner effect applied to an ordinary metal and a superconductor.Figure 6.4 Magnetization (M) as a function of applied magnetic field (H).Figure 6.5 Graphene sheet converted into carbon nanotubes.Figure 6.6 Structures of various forms of carbon nanotubes: (a) Single-walled CN...Figure 6.7 Various images of CNF. (a) Broken sheet of graphene, (b) Schematics o...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 SEM image of CNF showing evenly distributed nickel nanoparticles.Figure 7.2 HRTEM image showing nickel particle embedded in the carbon nanofiber.Figure 7.3 (a) and (b) are graphitic layers obtained by pyrolysis of cotton fila...Figure 7.4 Raman spectrographs of carbon nanofiber obtained from cotton filament...Figure 7.5 A graph of tap density against adsorption of hydrogen (wt.%).Figure 7.6 Schematic diagram of a Sievert’s apparatus modified to function at 10...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Resonant absorber showing out-of-phase condition existing between ref...Figure 8.2 A schematic representation of the effect of microwave absorption by m...Figure 8.3 (a) SEM and (b) TEM of CNF synthesized from linseeds oil.Figure 8.4 Relative curves for an absorption and reflection coefficient as a fun...Figure 8.5 Variation of reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient and abs...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Structure of graphite; (b) Turbostratic carbon.Figure 9.2 Types of carbon nanofibers: (a) Stacked CNF, (b & c) Herringbone CNF.Figure 9.3 Schematic representation of electrospinning process.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Adsorption isotherm of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) onto calcined phos...Figure 10.2 The adsorption mechanism of Cu(II) on hydrous TiO 2. (Source: Barakat...Figure 10.3 (a) Zeta potential of TiO 2in aqueous solution; (b) Adsorption of Cu...Figure 10.4 Three-dimensional network formation of cationic hydrogel. (Source: B...Figure 10.5 Adsorption isotherm of As(V) onto the hydrogel. (Source: Barakat and...Figure 10.6 Principles of polymer-supported ultrafiltration technique. (Rethe...Figure 10.7 The integrated processes combining metal bonding and separation by c...Figure 10.8 The integrated processes combining metal bonding and separation by a...Figure 10.9 Processes of a conventional metals precipitation treatment plant. (S...Figure 10.10 Electrodialysis principles: CM – cation-exchange membrane, D – dilu...Figure 10.11 Cu(II) removal by UV illuminated TiO 2at various Cu(II)/CN –ratios:...Figure 10.12 The conceptual reaction path of photocatalysis over TiO 2. (Source: ...Figure 10.13 Effect of pH of the solution on the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(...Figure 10.14 Scheme of electrospun nanofibers (ESNFs) modified by distinct nanom...Figure 10.15 Different forms of CNF obtained from different parts of maize: (a) ...Figure 10.16 Different forms of CNF obtained from oil of different plants: (a) C...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Details of a typical Lithium-ion cell.Figure 11.2 Schematic diagram of Li-ion battery showing movement of Li ions towa...Figure 11.3 (a) SEM micrograph of carbon nanomaterials obtained from tea leaf, (...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 At equilibrium (a) energy bands, (b) electric field, and (c) charge ...Figure 12.2 Current-voltage characteristics of solar cell showing two curves (a)...Figure 12.3 Different forms of carbon [21, 22].

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic of antenna.Figure 13.2 The isotropic radiator in homogeneous space.Figure 13.3 Three-dimensional radiation.Figure 13.4 Forward and reflected power due to mismatch.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Some commercially available nanocosmetics from: (a) Vegan and kosher...Figure 14.2 The ten top-ranking cosmetic companies in terms of number of nano-re...Figure 14.3 Preparation of a UV-protective clear coating of inorganic nanopartic...Figure 14.4 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of nano-sized Ti...Figure 14.5 Colorescience Sunforgettable total protection face shield with SPF 5...Figure 14.6 TEM image of gold nanoparticles.Figure 14.7 Pure silver 35,000 ppm skin cream containing 3,500 times more silver...Figure 14.8 Abbott Selsun S anti-dandruff shampoo for scaly scalp.Figure 14.9 Schematic diagram of liposome having lipid bilayer enclosing an aque...Figure 14.10 Schematic diagram of cubosome. (Source: Ribier and Biatry, Cosmetic...Figure 14.11 Schematic diagram of dendrimer and dendron.Figure 14.12 SEM image of carbon soot showing CNT. (Courtsey: Prof. Maheshwar Sh...