Peter P. Wan - Asia Past and Present

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 About the Authors

6 Acknowledgments

7 Introduction

8 Part 1: Asian and Non–Asian Cultures Interact to circa 1850 CE

9 Introduction to Part 1 1 Cultures and the Development of Core Asian Civilizations What Is Asia? What Is Culture? The Ongoing Influence of India and China in Asia Suggested Readings and Viewings 2 The Land and the People of Ancient China to 221 BCE Introduction to the Study of Chinese History The Land and the People in Paleolithic and Neolithic Times China in the Bronze Age: The Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties China Enters the Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, 770–221 BCE The Golden Age of Classical Chinese Philosophy: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism Suggested Readings and Viewings 3 China’s First Empire The Founding of China’s First Empire: The Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) Suggested Readings and Viewings 4 The Golden Age of Imperial China The Sui Dynasty (581–618): Reunification The Tang Dynasty (618–907): The “Golden Age” of Imperial China Confucianism and the System of Imperial Examinations for the Civil Service The “Golden Age” of Classical Chinese Poetry Buddhism The Shift of China’s Economic Center from the Yellow to the Yangtze River Valley Suggested Readings and Viewings 5 The Peaking of Traditional Chinese Civilization The Song Dynasty (960–1279): The Epitome of Traditional Chinese Civilization The Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368): China under Mongol Rule Suggested Readings and Viewings 6 The Decline of Imperial China The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644): Powerful, Majestic, Conservative, and Brutal China under Sinicized Manchu Rule: The Early Qing Dynasty (1644–1839) Suggested Readings and Viewings 7 Premodern Japan and KoreaPremodern Japan Premodern Korea Suggested Readings and Viewings 8 The Formation of Indian Civilization Aryan Conquest Vedic Period Religion Republics and Monarchies, 600–321 BCE Mauryan Empire (321–185 BCE) Suggested Readings and Viewings 9 The Hindu Synthesis at Home The Emergence of India’s Cultural and Geographical Contours Regionalism and Foreign Invaders: Northern India and Central Asia, 185 BCE–1200 CE Indian Politics, Religion, and Commerce: Domestic Developments and Their Influences Abroad Central and Southern India and Ceylon, circa 300–1200 Hindu Synthesis and Non‐Hindu Religions Conclusions Suggested Readings and Viewings 10 The Indianization of South, Central, Southeast, and East Asia Indian Culture beyond India India in Ceylon/Sri Lanka and the Himalayan Kingdoms India in Persia, Afghanistan, and Central and Inner Asia India in Southeast Asia India in China and East Asia Conclusions Suggested Readings and Viewings 11 India under Islamic Rule Introduction Islamic Expansion into India: The Background The Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526 The Mughal Empire, 1526–1858 Suggested Readings and Viewings 12 On the Indian and Chinese Northern Frontiers Introduction The Mongol Empire The Manchu Empire Siberia Suggested Readings and Viewings 13 On the Indian and Chinese Southern Frontiers Development of Kingdoms in Southeast Asia Cambodia/Kampuchea Siam/Thailand Burma/Myanmar Indonesia Philippines and Guam Vietnam Suggested Readings and Videos 14 European Empires in Asia Introduction The Revolutionary West in Asia Revolutionary Western Civilization Revolutionary Western Civilization Moves East Suggested Readings and Viewings

10 Part 2: The Age of Transformations: Nationalism and Modernization in the Era of Global Wars and the Search for New Social Arrangements, circa 1800 to Present

11 Introduction to Part 2 15 Foreign Incursions, Domestic Challenges, and Late Qing Dynastic Decline Introduction First and Second Opium Wars Reduce Imperial China to a Semi‐Colony Rebellion and Reform Selected Readings and Viewings 16 The Birth of Republicanism in China, 1911–1949 The Republican Revolution (1911) and the Founding of the Republic of China (1912) Warlordism (1916–1928) The May 4th Movement (1919) The Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Jiang and the Republic of China: The Nanjing Decade (1928–1937) The Second Sino‐Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II (1939–1945) The Nationalist‐Communist Civil War, 1945–1949 Suggested Readings and Viewings 17 The People’s Republic of China, 1949– Mao’s 27 Years (1949–1976) Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms (1978–1989) Problems Suggested Readings and Viewings 18 Japan’s Rapid Modernization, 1868–1918 Meiji Restoration, 1868–1873 Emergence of Modern Japan On the War Path to Build an Empire The Russo‐Japanese War, 1904–1905 Japan and World War I, 1914–1918 Suggested Readings and Viewings 19 Japan Goes from Liberalism to Militarism, 1918–1945 The Era of Party Government, 1918–1931 The Ascendance of Militarism in the 1930s Japan in the Second Sino‐Japanese War and World War II, 1937–1945 Suggested Readings and Viewings 20 Japan since World War II Japan’s American Revolution, 1945–1952 Japan’s Transformation during the Cold War, 1952–1989 Japan in Recent Years Suggested Readings and Viewings 21 Korea in Modern Times Foreign Incursions Early Efforts at Modernization and Japanese Influence The Korean Empire (1897–1910) and the Gwangmu Reform Korea under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1910–1945 Korea after World War II Suggested Readings and Viewings 22 The European Struggle for India and the Emergence of Indian Resistance, 1707–1914 Introduction The British Conquest under the East India Company Hindu Renaissance The Sepoy Mutiny and the Emergence of Indian Nationalism Nationalism and the Formation of the Congress Party (1885) and the Muslim League (1906) Britain’s Response to Indian Nationalism Suggested Readings and Viewings 23 The Impact of World Wars, Revolution, and Nationalism in India and South Asia, 1914–1945 World War I and Its Impact Nationalist Movements in South Asia, 1914–1945 Gandhi and the Struggle for Indian Independence, 1920–1945 Sri Lanka Himalayan Nations Conclusions Suggested Readings and Viewings 24 India since 1945 India: Securing Indian Independence and Developing Political and Economic Institutions Indian Independence, Partition, and Setting Paths to the Future, 1945–1950 Socialist Republic of India, 1950–1991 Political and Economic Course Corrections, 1991– Foreign Policy and Terrorism Issues since 1991 Conclusion Suggested Readings and Viewings 25 In India’s Orbit Introduction to South Asia since 1945 Islamic Republic of Pakistan People’s Republic of Bangladesh The Himalayan Nations Sri Lanka Suggested Readings and Viewings 26 Mainland Southeast Asia since 1945 Southeast Asia since 1945 Colonial Burma to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar British Malaya to the Federation of Malaysia Colonial Singapore to Republic of Singapore Colonial Vietnam to Socialist Republic of Vietnam Protectorate of Cambodia to Kingdom of Cambodia Protectorate of Laos to Lao People’s Democratic Republic Independent Thailand: Civilian and Military Governments, the Cold War, and the First Vietnam War, 1945–1973 Conclusions Suggested Readings and Viewings 27 Insular Southeast Asia since 1945 Netherlands East Indies to the Republic of Indonesia Portuguese Timor to East Timor to Timor Leste Territory of Papua and New Guinea to Papua New Guinea Sultanate of Brunei to Brunei Darussalam Commonwealth of the Philippines to Republic of the Philippines Suggested Readings and Viewings 28 Colonialism, Independence, and Nation Building on the Northern Frontiers of India and China, 1850–2019 Introduction Afghanistan Central Asia Mongolia Siberia and the Russian Far East Conclusions Suggested Readings and Viewings 29 Asia in the Twenty‐First Century Political Conditions Economic Developments Social Issues Trafficking, Gangs, and Corruption Asia’s Tinder Boxes Assessing Asia Suggested Readings and Viewings