Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion

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Edited by

Tomas R. Reina José A. Odriozola Harvey Arellano‐Garcia

Editors

Dr. Tomas R. Reina

University of Surrey

Department of Chemical & Process Engineering

388 Stag Hill

GU2 7XH Guildford, Surrey

United Kingdom

Prof. José A. Odriozola

Universidad of Sevilla

Inorganic Chemistry Department

4 San Fernando Street

41004 Sevilla

Spain

Prof. Harvey Arellano‐Garcia

University of Surrey

Department of Chemical & Process Engineering

388 Stag Hill

GU2 7XH Guildford, Surrey

United Kingdom

Cover Image: © cozyta/Getty Images

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Print ISBN:978‐3‐527‐34639‐4

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Mónica García1, Theo Chronopoulos2, and Rubén M. Montañés3

1International Energy Agency‐ Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG), Pure Offices, Hatherley Lane, Cheltenham, GL51 6SH, United Kingdom

2128/15 Hoxton Street, N1 6SH, London, United Kingdom

3Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Hörsalsvägen 7B, SE‐412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden

The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) recently released the special report on 1.5C [1] and pointed out the need to implement all available tools to cut down CO 2emissions. Energy efficiency, fuel switching, renewables, and carbon capture represent the largest impact on CO 2emission reduction in power and industrial sectors. Carbon capture represents a contribution of 23% in the “Beyond 2 degrees scenario” (B2DS) modeled by the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1and has other interesting characteristics that increase its value beyond its cost: (i) easiness to retrofit current power plants or industrial facilities, 2(ii) simplicity to integrate that in the electricity grid and offer an interesting tool to cover the intermittency of renewables, (iii) ideal to cut down industrial process emissions that otherwise cannot suffer deep reductions, and (iv) current carbon budgets rely on negative emissions to compensate the use of fossil fuels [1]. Carbon capture combined with bioenergy (BECCS) can provide negative emissions at large scale in an immediate future.

CO 2capture (also called CO 2sequestration or carbon capture) involves a group of technologies aiming to separate CO 2from other compounds released during the production of energy or industrial products, obtaining a CO 2‐rich gas that can be stored or used for the obtention of valuable products. The main classification of CO 2capture technologies relies on where in the process the CO 2separation occurs. For the power sector, it can be divided into pre‐, oxy‐, and post‐combustion. For the industrial sector, the classification is similar, although their integration would be different. In addition, other new arrangements are emerging.

GCCSI reported in 2018 23 large‐scale CCS facilities in operation or under construction globally, summing up 37 MtCO 2per year. This wide range of facilities shows the versatility of CO 2capture processes. 3

In the power sector, the United States is leading the implementation deployment, although Europe has the highest CO 2capture capacity. The Boundary Dam project (Canada) and Petra Nova (USA) are pioneers in reaching commercial scale. Moreover, based on the successful results of the Boundary Dam project, a CO 2capture facility has been planned for the Shand power facility (Canada), incorporating not only learnings from the Boundary Dam but also enhanced thermal integration and tailored design. The results show a significant cost reduction [2]. Also in Canada, the Quest project completes the list of Canadian CCS projects in operation [3] and The National Energy Laboratory (NET) power project recently appeared in the United States as a potential significant reduction on CO 2capture costs [4].

In the industrial sector, cement, steel, refining, chemicals, heavy oil, hydrogen, waste‐to‐energy, fertilizers, and natural gas have been identified by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF; https://www.cslforum.org) as the main intensive emitter industries. As it is highlighted, the Norcem Brevik plant [5, 6], LEILAC [7] (cement production), and Al Redayah (steel production) are on the way to start running carbon capture systems in industrial facilities at pilot and large scales.

Pre‐combustion systems can be applied to natural gas combined cycles (NGCC) or integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) ( Figure 1.1), where a syngas, comprising mainly CO and H 2, feeds a gas turbine (GT) combined cycle system to produce electricity. The potential advantages are higher conversion efficiencies of coal to electricity and cheaper removal of pollutants [8]. The syngas, based on the water shift reaction, can be converted into CO 2and H 2O. This mixture is typically separated with physical solvents (as described in Section 1.2.4), membranes, or sorbents. However, hybrid technologies can also be used. Depending on the technology, further post‐treatment would be needed to avoid degradation and loss of efficiency.