The Science of Health Disparities Research

24 18 Healthcare and Public Policy: Challenges and Opportunities for Research 18.1 Summary 18.2 Background/Context 18.3 Key Constructs 18.4 Selected Examples of Healthcare Policy Research 18.5 Non‐Healthcare Policy Research 18.6 Key Challenges 18.7 Future Directions and Opportunities 18.8 Key Points Disclaimer References

25 19 Addressing Disparities in Access to High‐quality Care 19.1 Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem 19.2 Defining Quality and Access 19.3 Examples of Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem 19.4 Addressing Disparities in Access to Quality Care 19.5 Steps to Addressing Healthcare Disparities 19.6 Implement Evidence‐based Strategies to Eliminate Disparities 19.7 Invest in Health Equity Performance Measures 19.8 Incentivize the Reduction of Health Disparities 19.9 Advice for a Healthcare Disparities Researcher 19.10 Conclusion 19.11 Key Points Disclaimer References

26 20 Health Communication as a Mediator of Health and Healthcare Disparities 20.1 Introduction: Scope and Conceptual Framework 20.2 Risk Factors for Health Communication Disparities and Impact on Communication and Health Outcomes 20.3 An Example of Systems‐based Approaches: Creating Health‐Literate Healthcare Systems 20.4 Interventions to Mitigate Other Communication Risk Factors 20.5 Future Directions for Communications Research: Measurement and Implementation 20.6 Key Points Disclaimer References

27 21 Comparative Effectiveness Research in Health Disparity Populations 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Background 21.3 CER Study Designs 21.4 CER Measures 21.5 Approaches to CER 21.6 Applications of CER in Health Disparity Populations 21.7 Social Determinants of Health 21.8 Groups with Particular Needs for CER 21.9 Major Public Health/Policy Interventions as a Result of CER 21.10 Multisectoral Impact of CER on Disparities 21.11 Future Directions of CER 21.12 Key Points Disclaimer References

28 22 The Role of Electronic Health Records and Health Information Technology in Addressing Health Disparities 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Healthcare Data and Electronic Records 22.3 Overview of Health Information Technologies 22.4 Application of Digital Health and Health Information Technologies to Addressing Disparities 22.5 Conclusions: Challenges and Opportunities in Health Information Technologies Implementation 22.6 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References

29 23 Precision Medicine and Health Disparities 23.1 The Promise of Precision Medicine 23.2 Methods in Precision Medicine and Applications in Health Disparities 23.3 Future Directions and Research Needs 23.4 Genomic Health Literacy 23.5 Success in Precision Medicine 23.6 Conclusion 23.7 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References

30 24 Recruitment, Inclusion, and Diversity in Clinical Trials 24.1 Background/Context 24.2 Understanding Barriers to Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.3 Best Practices for Optimizing Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.4 Future Directions and Research Needs 24.5 Conclusion 24.6 Key Points Disclaimer References

31 25 Sexual and Gender Minority Health DisparitiesConcepts, Methods, and Future Directions 25.1 Introduction to the Topic, Including Key Definitions 25.2 How and Why This Topic is Important to Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 25.3 Most Relevant Measures and Research Methods Used and Recommended 25.4 Selected Examples of the State of the Science to Illustrate Best Practices 25.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities 25.6 Summary 25.7 Key Points Disclaimer References

32 26 Workforce Diversity and Capacity Building to Address Health Disparities 26.1 Background 26.2 Introduction 26.3 Diversity in the US Scientific and Health Workforce 26.4 Diversity and Health Disparities: What Are the Links? 26.5 Methodological Approaches to Understanding Workforce Diversity and Health Disparities 26.6 Closing Thoughts 26.7 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References

33 Index

34 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Representative list of biomarkers for allostatic load [3, 22].

2 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Rankings of the ten leading causes of death for each racial/ethnic ... Table 3.2 Years of potential life lost before age 75 (per 100 000 population ... Table 3.3 Selected list of the most frequently cited acculturation scales. Table 3.4 Summary of previously published findings from the Exploring Health ...

3 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Types of disparity measurements and examples from behavioral determ...

4 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Resources for locating self‐report measures.Table 10.2 Template for reviewing self‐report measures for appropriateness in...

5 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Promising partnership practices.

6 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of three main definitions and methods of disparities measu...Table 12.2 Examples of Quasi‐experimental methods in peer‐reviewed literature...

7 Chapter 13Table 13.1 BRFSS model‐based prevalence estimates (percent) of current cigare...Table 13.2 Predicted Standard Errors (percent) of BRFSS model‐based prevalenc...

8 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Examples of questions that have helped drive big data research in ...Table 14.2 Selected examples: applications of big data analytics and artifici...

9 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Description and examples of three types of complex systems models.Table 15.2 Description of elements of a successful complex adaptive systems m...Table 15.3 Comparisons of three complex systems approaches.

10 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Multilevel Interventions: 2012–2017.

11 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Challenges and approaches in minority health and health disparitie...

12 Chapter 20Table 20.1 The seven essential communication skills in the care of vulnerable...Table 20.2 Interventions for patients with limited health literacy.

13 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Matrix of comparative effectiveness research study designs and typ...Table 21.2 Comparative effectiveness research priority areas and examples of ...

14 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Challenges and opportunities for HIT and health disparities resear...

15 Chapter 23Table 23.1 Examples of PM that have been incorporated into clinical care.Table 23.2 Social determinants of health measures that can be collected prosp...Table 23.3 Examples of disparate efficacy and safety signals related to antip...

16 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Investigator‐identified best practices and recommendations.Table 24.2 Minority recruitment online toolkit features and content.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Overlapping but distinct constructs of Minority Health and Health... Figure 1.2 Relative risk of all‐cause mortality by US annual household incom... Figure 1.3 The NIMHD Research Framework.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of the concept of Allostatic Load: (a) G... Figure 2.2 Schematic presentation of stress pathway outputs and inputs to th... Figure 2.3 Schematic representation of pathways important in hypothalamic co... Figure 2.4 Schematic diagram of the influence of glucocorticoids and stress ...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Conceptual model of race or ethnicity. Figure 3.2 Conceptual framework of the distal mediators and moderators of th...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 In this illustration of behavioral determinants for noncommunicab... Figure 4.2 Children and adolescents with obesity, overall (2–19 years of age...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 An illustration of the use of GIS to represent locations (points)...Figure 6.2 This infographic is an example of how environmental health resear...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Major migrations and diasporas, 1400–1800, that are the sources o...Figure 7.2 The top panel presents genome‐wide ancestry of all autosomes for ...Figure 7.3 Shown is the process of admixture resulting from a moderate numbe...Figure 7.4 A Manhattan plot showing a peak of SNP association on chromosome ...Figure 7.5 An admixture scan for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV‐...