Heterogeneous Catalysts

28 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Heterogeneous catalysis bridges sciences and energy/environmenta...

29 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Illustration of the electrolysis cell for electrochemical water ...Figure 30.2 Operation principles of ALKWE, PEMWE, and SOEWE. The overall wat...Figure 30.3 Comparison of liquid electrolyte water electrolysis with convent...Figure 30.4 Schematic representation of a water splitting electrolyzer. (a) ...Figure 30.5 Four innovative strategies for nonconventional liquid water elec...Figure 30.6 (a) Water oxidation schematic diagram based on NiFe hydroxide su...Figure 30.7 Maximal average activity of cobalt‐ and nickel‐containing triads...Figure 30.8 (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (b) transmission elec...Figure 30.9 Crustal abundance of most used metals for HER electrocatalysts....Figure 30.10 Two‐dimensional representation of crystalline 2H polytype MoS 2...

30 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Basic concept of band gap narrowing of mixed anion compounds, as...Figure 31.2 (a) UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra of Ta 2O 5, TaON, and T...Figure 31.3 Basic principle of overall water splitting using two different s...Figure 31.4 (a) UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra and (b) band‐edge pot...Figure 31.5 Transient absorption spectra for TiO 2:N and TiO 2:Ta,N excited wi...Figure 31.6 Rates of solar‐driven H 2and O 2evolution from mixtures of an ox...Figure 31.7 Results of STEM observations for TiO 2:N,F. (a, b) High‐angle ann...Figure 31.8 UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra of TiO 2:N,F obtained by n...Figure 31.9 Time course of H 2and O 2evolution from mixtures of RuO 2/TiO 2:N,...Figure 31.10 (a) Crystal structure of Pb 2Ti 2O 5.4F 1.2. The annotations indica...Figure 31.11 (a) Total and partial DOS of Pb 2Ti 2O 5.4F 1.2. In Pb 2Ti 2O 5.4F 1.2,...

31 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 (a) An exploding hydrogen‐filled balloon. Source: Maxim Bilovits...Figure 32.2 (a) Schematic diagram of a modern PEFC. (b) The first fuel cell,...Figure 32.3 (a) Schematic of the triple phase boundary in Grove’s fuel cell....Figure 32.4 (a) Estimated cost of components of a PEFC stack at different pr...Figure 32.5 Summary of the different degradation mechanisms of platinum nano...Figure 32.6 (a) Schematic of a three‐electrode electrochemical cell. (b) Typ...Figure 32.7 (a) Diagram of a rotating disk electrode (RDE). (b) Typical line...Figure 32.8 (a) Start–stop potential cycling protocol and (b) load potential...Figure 32.9 (a) Schematic diagram of an MEA in a simple cell holder. (b) Exp...Figure 32.10 Typical current–voltage ( I – V ) characteristics of a membrane ele...Figure 32.11 (a) Cyclic voltammograms and (b) linear sweep voltammograms for...Figure 32.12 (a) Cyclic voltammograms, (b) linear sweep voltammograms and (c...Figure 32.13 (a) Proposed active site in Fe–N–C electrocatalysts. (b) Transm...

32 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Comparison between the current refinery and biorefinery. (See on...Figure 33.2 Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass via biological an...Figure 33.3 Main routes for biofuel production‐derived lignocellulosic bioma...Figure 33.4 Design of steps for optimization of a heterogeneous catalytic pr...Figure 33.5 One‐pot EMF production from different feedstocks.Figure 33.6 Mechanism of DMF formation from HMF.Figure 33.7 Schematic representation of biphasic reaction system for GVL pro...

33 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Structure of lignocellulosic biomass with cellulose, hemicellulo...Figure 34.2 Synthesis of platform chemicals from biomass.Figure 34.3 Schematic drawings of zeolite β framework (a) and an open site (...Figure 34.4 Conversions of carbohydrates to value‐added chemicals and their ...Scheme 34.1 Synthesis of polyethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate (a) and polyeth...Figure 34.5 Schematic drawing of Mg–Al layered double hydroxides. (See onlin...Scheme 34.2 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF or an acetal derivative of HMF.Figure 34.6 Computed reaction energy diagram for the rate‐determining step d...Figure 34.7 Diels–Alder cycloaddition of dimethylfuran [ 1] and ethylene prod...Figure 34.8 Synthesis of p ‐xylene through Diels–Alder cycloaddition of reduc...Figure 34.9 Schematic representation of reaction network in which ketohexose...Figure 34.10 Current and new chemical process for making lactide and polylac...

34 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 The main motivations to use high‐pressure conditions for heterog...Figure 35.2 Equilibrium CO 2conversion (a) and methanol selectivity (b) at d...Figure 35.3 (a) Liquid product formation during methanol synthesis from syng...Figure 35.4 The depiction of process intensification by using microreactor (...Figure 35.5 The schematic showing a shell‐and‐tube membrane with countercurr...

35 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Qualitative reaction scheme for CO 2conversion.Figure 36.2 Scheme of the CO 2electrochemical reduction process and differen...Figure 36.3 Volcano plots: (a) volcano plot for carbon dioxide reduction on ...Figure 36.4 Filter‐press electrochemical cell with a GDE configuration.Figure 36.5 Photoinduced generation of electron–hole pairs in CO 2reduction ...Figure 36.6 Band gap energies for common semiconductors materials relative t...Figure 36.7 Scheme for a (a) slurry reactor with top illumination, (b) optic...Figure 36.8 Representation of a (a) photocathode–dark anode, (b) photoanode–...

36 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Schematic illustration of semiconductor‐based photocatalytic pro...Figure 37.2 (a) Donor level, (b) acceptor level, (c) mid‐gap states formed b...Figure 37.3 (a) Semiconductor structures according to the structural dimensi...Figure 37.4 Design concepts for solar water photocatalytic reactors: (a) con...

37 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 Catalytic activity profiles for NH 3‐SCR of NO xover Cu zeolites....Figure 38.2 Hexagonal unit cell of an SSZ‐13 zeolite (dashed lines) illustra...Figure 38.3 Schematic of the SSZ‐13 hexagonal unit cell structure and possib...Figure 38.4 Partial density of state (PDOS) of Cu 3d states in (a) ZCu and (...Figure 38.5 Proposed overall SCR scheme as a function of the NO 2/NO xratio a...

1 Cover Page

2 Heterogeneous Catalysts

3 Heterogeneous Catalysts

4 copyright Editors Prof. Wey Yang Teoh University of Malaya Department of Chemical Engineering 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Prof. Atsushi Urakawa Delft University of Technology Faculty of Applied Sciences Building 58 E2 100 Van der Maasweg 9 2629 Delft The Netherlands Prof. Yun Hau Ng City University of Hong Kong School of Energy and Environment Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong, S.A.R. Prof. Patrick Sit City University of Hong Kong School of Energy and Environment Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong, S.A.R. Cover Cover image: Courtesy of Wey Yang Teoh and Nat Phongprueksathat All books published by Wiley‐VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing‐in‐Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at < http://dnb.d-nb.de >. © 2021 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34415‐4 ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81356‐8 ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81358‐2 oBook ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81359‐9