Heterogeneous Catalysts

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Edited by Wey Yang Teoh, Atsushi Urakawa, Yun Hau Ng, and Patrick Sit

Volume 1

Edited by Wey Yang Teoh, Atsushi Urakawa, Yun Hau Ng, and Patrick Sit

Volume 2

Editors

Prof. Wey Yang Teoh

University of Malaya

Department of Chemical Engineering

50603 Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia

Prof. Atsushi Urakawa

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Applied Sciences

Building 58 E2 100

Van der Maasweg 9

2629 Delft

The Netherlands

Prof. Yun Hau Ng

City University of Hong Kong

School of Energy and Environment

Tat Chee Avenue

Kowloon

Hong Kong, S.A.R.

Prof. Patrick Sit

City University of Hong Kong

School of Energy and Environment

Tat Chee Avenue

Kowloon

Hong Kong, S.A.R.

Cover

Cover image: Courtesy of Wey Yang Teoh and Nat Phongprueksathat

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Heterogeneous catalyst to a chemical reaction is akin to a microscope to microbiology or a sail to a yacht. It is a necessary tool that helps to speed up reactions and at the same time steers the reactions in such a way that maximum selectivity of the desirable product can be attained. In that sense, heterogeneous catalysts will always be relevant as far as chemical reactions are of interest, whether at large industrial scales (e.g. commodity chemicals, petrochemical refineries), small scales (e.g. devices with catalytic functions such as automobile catalytic converters), or even microscales (e.g. microfluidic devices, catalytic nanomachines). The dedication of scientists and engineers working in the field of heterogeneous catalysis throughout the twentieth century was instrumental in solving of some of the most important problems facing humanity, including the nitrogen food chain issue (the so‐called Nitrogen problem), production of high‐quality automobile fuels (e.g. gasoline and diesel), abatement of noxious airborne pollutants, and the manufacturing of methanol as well as other building block chemicals.

Entering the twenty‐first century, the two immediate and overarching challenges in heterogeneous catalysis are (i) to address the issues related to global warming and climate change and (ii) to align with the United Nations sustainable development goals. Catalytic reactions such as water splitting, reduction of carbon dioxide, waste biomass conversion, removal of emerging aqueous micropollutants, and the abatement of NO xthat are focused on enhancing renewable energy security and environmental sustainability will take the center stage against a backdrop of swelling population and increasing urbanization.

In adapting to these grand challenges, new and sophisticated emerging techniques in heterogeneous catalysis are continuously being developed to overcome the various limitations in catalyst design and to understand the mechanism of the molecular reactions occurring on the catalytic surface (information that can feed back to the catalyst design). At the same time, catalysts with different modes of activation are increasingly being appreciated, which besides the conventional thermal catalysts now include electrocatalysts and photocatalysts and their underlying physics. For newcomers entering the field, acquiring such vast amount of knowledge, although essential, can be overwhelming. That is not to mention the tenacity in mastering the basic fundamentals in heterogeneous catalysis, itself a century worth of knowledge, prior to the appreciation of these state‐of‐the‐art advancements. With this in hindsight, the book is geared toward attracting and assisting beginners who wish for a head start and quick overview on some of the most important emerging tools for catalyst design, techniques for operando/in situ characterization and ab initio computation, as well as a glimpse of the advancements in heterogeneous catalysis toward some of the grand challenges. Undergraduates with some prior exposure to reaction engineering/heterogeneous catalysis and analytical chemistry/spectroscopy or early postgraduates pursuing research on heterogeneous catalysis but only with some primitive background of the field shall find the book useful. Because the aim is to bridge the gap between amateur readers and expert knowledge, each chapter provides a brief description of the required basic fundamentals that lead to the appreciation of state‐of‐the‐art advancements.