Heterogeneous Catalysts

4 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Illustration of building up of the band in the bulk metal startin... Figure 5.2 Illustration of selecting specific cluster species using quadrupo... Figure 5.3 Size‐dependent overall CO oxidation reactivity of gold clusters, ... Figure 5.4 Structures of Au 8(left), Au 9(middle), and Au 11(right) in space... Figure 5.5 Illustration of the size regimes and particle size distributions ... Figure 5.6 High‐resolution electron microscopy images (a1–c1) and (a2–c2) of... Figure 5.7 Bar chart comparing the activity and selectivity of the Ru 5PtSn c...

5 Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Prices of different bricks with a size of 20 × 10 × 5 cm 3. (a) A ... Figure 6.2 Schematic illustration of improvement of selectivity to butenes o... Figure 6.3 High‐resolution TEM and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) line scans ... Figure 6.4 Schematic drawing of size‐selected cluster deposition apparatus a... Figure 6.5 (a, b) HAADF‐STEM images of Pt 1/FeO x. (c) The k 3‐weighted Fourier... Figure 6.6 Schematic illustrations of Pt ALD mechanism on graphene nanosheet... Figure 6.7 (a) HAADF‐STEM and (b) magnified HAADF‐STEM images of Rh 1/VO 2.... Figure 6.8 (A) HAADF‐STEM image of Ag 1/HMO. (B) Three‐dimensional projected ...

6 Chapter 7 Scheme 7.1 Acid sites generated by the presence of aluminum in zeolite struc... Scheme 7.2 Characteristic configurations of (a) linkage, (b) chains in MFI z... Figure 7.1 Three different types of shape selectivity in zeolites. (a) React... Figure 7.2 Schematic summarizing the advantages of hierarchical zeolites. (S... Figure 7.3 Schematic representation of various hierarchical zeolite formatio... Figure 7.4 Growth of zeolite crystals around carbon particles. A hierarchica... Figure 7.5 Schematic illustration of the synthesis principle for mesoporous ... Figure 7.6 Structural difference between (a) SBA‐15/CMK‐3 and (b) SBA‐15/CMK... Figure 7.7 TEM images of 3DOm‐i (a) LTA, (b) FAU, (c) BEA, and (d) LTL, grow... Figure 7.8 Conceptual strategy for the preparation of hierarchically structu... Figure 7.9 (a) Molecular structure of diquaternary ammonium surfactant with ... Figure 7.10 (a) 18–N 3–18 surfactant (white spheres, hydrogen; gray spheres, ... Figure 7.11 Conceptual approach to the synthesis of a zeolite with intracrys... Figure 7.12 Schematic illustration of the formation of mesopores via (1) Al ... Figure 7.13 Schematic representation of the influence of Al content on the d... Figure 7.14 TEM micrographs of parent and alkaline‐treated silicalite‐1: (a)...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 From a coordination compound to an MOF. (a) Structure and geometr...Figure 8.2 Structure and chemical composition of HKUST‐1(a) and MOF‐5...Figure 8.3 Structure of MIL‐101(a), UiO‐66(b), and MOF‐74...Figure 8.4 How to construct the SBU structure of MOF‐5: (a) the [Zn 4O]Figure 8.5 A schematic illustration on how to build isoreticular MOFs to tun...Figure 8.6 Tools to build active sites within MOFs. A target active site is ...Figure 8.7 Summary of the possible catalytic sites found and build with and ...

8 Chapter 9Scheme 9.1 Overview of hierarchical and anisotropic nanostructured catalysts...Scheme 9.2 Bottom‐up and top‐down approaches to synthesizing carbon‐based na...Figure 9.1 Field‐emission high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (FE‐H...Figure 9.2 (a–c) High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) i...Figure 9.3 Schematic of bimetallic Janus NP synthesis employing interfacial ...Figure 9.4 (a) Hydrogen production over Janus and core–shell Au/TiO 2NPs, am...Figure 9.5 (a) Flower morphology of bismuth subcarbonate.(b) Sea urchin ...Figure 9.6 Spatially orthogonal functionalization of hierarchical macroporou...Figure 9.7 Schematic and electron micrographs of Au–Pd/3DOM LSMO catalyst....Figure 9.8 HAADF‐STEM images of (a–c) Rh/3DOM LNAO, (d–f) Rh–Ni/3DOM LAO, an...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Aerosol particle formation via the droplet‐to‐particle and gas‐t...Figure 10.2 Schematic of the configuration of flame aerosol reactors, includ...Figure 10.3 (a) Schematic of the tube‐enclosed FSP configuration with contro...Figure 10.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of (a) rhombohedra...Figure 10.5 TEM images of FSP‐derived (a) pristine CeO 2, as well as the CuO/...Figure 10.6 (a) Cobalt‐time‐yield (CTY) of the two Co/Al 2O 3catalysts prepar...Figure 10.7 (a) Temperature‐programmed reduction (H 2‐TPR) of FSP‐prepared CoFigure 10.8 Glucose conversion and products yields over FSP‐prepared amorpho...Figure 10.9 (a) X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of as‐prepared BiVO 4at diff...

10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 A band structure of a semiconductor photocatalyst and thermodyna...Figure 11.2 Process of water splitting on a semiconductor photocatalyst.Figure 11.3 A band structure of a metal oxide photocatalyst.Figure 11.4 Relative band structures of vanadate, niobate, and tantalite.Figure 11.5 Band structures of SrTiO 3and Rh‐doped SrTiO 3in the dark and un...Figure 11.6 Band structures of (a) Cr‐ and Sb‐codoped SrTiO 3and (b) Cr‐dope...Figure 11.7 Band structures of (a) Cu(Li 1/3Ti 2/3)O 2, (b) BiVO 4, and (c) SnNbFigure 11.8 Band structures of ZnS, (AgIn) xZn 2(1−x)S 2, and AgInS 2.

11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Representative physicochemical events showing the complexity of ...Figure 12.2 Three major gaps (material gap, temperature gap, and pressure ga...

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Illustration of a dispersed technical catalyst consisting of a h...Figure 13.2 Schematic view of a scanning tunneling microscope.Figure 13.3 A diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (D...Figure 13.4 (A) STM images of compressed CO adlayers on Pt(111) obtained at ...Figure 13.5 Au{100}‐hex reconstructed surface under catalytic conditions. A ...Figure 13.6 Temperature‐programmed desorption spectra of O 2from a Pt(110) s...Figure 13.7 A series of high‐pressure STM images acquired during CO oxidatio...Figure 13.8 Proposed high‐coverage 1.5 ML CO/TiO 2structure generates PBE‐si...Figure 13.9 Schematic picture of possible formate (HCOO −) structures o...Figure 13.10 Infrared spectra of formate ions (HCOO −) adsorbed on diff...Figure 13.11 STM image of air‐exposed TiO 2(110) surface. The inset image is ...Figure 13.12 (A) Operando DRIFT spectra acquired during photooxidation of pr...Figure 13.13 (a) Schematic illustration of the CO oxidation on a supported f...Figure 13.14 Normalized activity at 850 K of the 2.8 nm Pt nanoparticle vs. ...

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 (a) Schematic diagram of a window‐type environmental specimen ho...Figure 14.2 (a) Schematic diagram of a differential pumping‐type microscope ...Figure 14.3 Schematic diagram of specimen holders for gas‐phase in situ obse...Figure 14.4 (a) (A–F) Sequential in situ TEM images of reversible formation ...Figure 14.5 Typical specimen preparation techniques classifying into (a) sel...

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 3D rendering of (a) solid aerogel body (gray), (b) total extract...Figure 15.2 Schematic representation of XRD‐CT data collection strategy and ...Figure 15.3 Comparison of information from XRD‐CT and PDF‐CT by Jacques et a...Figure 15.4 (ii) 3D images of the Pt density and (ii‐CS) their cross‐section...Figure 15.5 (a) Vertical and (b) horizontal orthoslices of Δ μ 0. (c) 3D ...Figure 15.6 Reconstructed map of pores (blue), zeolite (red), and amorphous ...

15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Difference between single‐molecule measurements and ensemble mea...Figure 16.2 Jablonski diagram illustrating the principle of fluorescence. Ab...Figure 16.3 Schematic of the epifluorescence microscope. After passing throu...Figure 16.4 Schematic representation of major approaches that can be followe...Figure 16.5 Schematic comparison of CLSM and WFM setups. In the WFM setup th...Figure 16.6 Schematic representation of the super‐resolution localization fl...Figure 16.7 Fluorescence microscopy investigations of catalytic performance ...