Practical Pediatric Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

11 Index

12 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 7 Table 7.1 Pediatric GRS domains and standards (www.thejag.org.uk)

2 Chapter 10 Table 10.1 Therapeutic indications for EGD Table 10.2 Indications for therapeutic colonoscopy in children

3 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Contraindications to ileocolonoscopyTable 12.2 Technical specifications of new regular adult colonoscopesTable 12.3 Technical specifications of new slim colonoscopesTable 12.4 Technical specifications of new ultra‐slim colonoscopesTable 12.5 Complications associated with pediatric colonoscopy

4 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Artefacts related to biopsy trauma and specimen processing in endo...

5 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Diagnostic and therapeutic indications for enteroscopy

6 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Potential indications for capsule endoscopy in pediatric patients

7 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Commercially available echo‐endoscopes and miniprobesTable 16.2 Indications for EUS in childrenTable 16.3 EUS features in esophageal diseasesTable 16.4 EUS features in gastric pathologyTable 16.5 EUS features of the cystic and mass lesions of the pancreas and bi...

8 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Types of stainingTable 17.2 “Surface” guidelines for chromoendoscopy in ulcerative colitis

9 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Endoscopic classification of esophageal candida

10 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Classification of gastropathy. Gastritis and gastropathy can be cl...

11 Chapter 26Table 26.1 Endoscopic classification of caustic injuries

12 Chapter 29Table 29.1 Equipment compatible with a pediatric endoscope (2 mm channel)

13 Chapter 31Table 31.1 Classification system for esophageal varices

14 Chapter 32Table 32.1 Principal causes of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in children

15 Chapter 33Table 33.1 Tricks of the trade

16 Chapter 34Table 34.1 Advantages of single‐stage PEG

17 Chapter 37Table 37.1 Duodenoscopes: specificationTable 37.2 Biliary indications for diagnostic and therapeutic ERCPTable 37.3 ERCP findings in infants with suspected biliary atresiaTable 37.4 Todani classification of choledochal cyst (based on the shape of a...Table 37.5 Pancreatic indications for diagnostic and therapeutic ERCPTable 37.6 Role of MRCP and ERCP in children with pancreatic disordersTable 37.7 Steps of biliary and pancreatic sphincterotomy techniqueTable 37.8 Steps of endoscopic marsupialization of duodenal duplication

18 Chapter 41Table 41.1a Paris classification of endoscopic lesion morphologyTable 41.1b modified Kudo criteria for the classification of colorectal crypt...Table 41.2 Classification of common chromoscopic dyes

19 Chapter 42Table 42.1 Polyps and polyposis syndromes seen in childhood and associated ge...Table 42.2 Endoscopic surveillance and screening strategies for polyposis syn...

20 Chapter 43Table 43.1 Currently available ultrathin endoscopes

1 Chapter 10 Figure 10.1 Suggested diagnostic algorithm of chronic vomiting. PPI, proton ... Figure 10.2 Suggested diagnostic algorithm of lower gastrointestinal bleedin... Figure 10.3 Suggested diagnostic algorithm for chronic abdominal pain. Figure 10.4 Suggested diagnostic algorithm of chronic diarrhea. Figure 10.5 Suggested initial management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding....

2 Chapter 11 Figure 11.1 Control panel handling. The control panel is held by the left fo... Figure 11.2 The connecting tube behind the thumb balances the weight of the ... Figure 11.3 Manipulations with the R/L and U/D knobs. The thumb is the main ... Figure 11.4 Technique of extensive rotation of the control knobs. The middle... Figure 11.5 The initial phase of esophageal intubation. The endoscopist shou... Figure 11.6 The root of the tongue appears as a cobblestone texture. It may ... Figure 11.7 The initial view of the epiglottis. The epiglottis should be fou... Figure 11.8 The endoscopic anatomy of the larynx: panoramic view. Figure 11.9 Endoscopic appearance of the vocal cords. A close capture of the... Figure 11.10 Close‐up view of the crico‐arytenoid cartilages. The esophageal... Figure 11.11 Side‐view of the groove between the lateral wall of the larynx ... Figure 11.12 Appearance of the pharyngoepiglottic fold signals to reverse di... Figure 11.13 Close‐up view of the esophageal orifice. Figure 11.14 The second physiological narrowing of the esophagus. It does no... Figure 11.15 The distal esophagus. It tapers down toward the hiatal notch. Figure 11.16 Z‐line. The junction between the pale esophageal and richer col... Figure 11.17 Prominent fold of the greater curvature of the stomach. Appeara... Figure 11.18 Panoramic view of the gastric body. It can be achieved by clock... Figure 11.19 Gastric angularis. The detailed image of the angularis can be e... Figure 11.20 Panoramic view of the antrum. At this stage of the procedure, t... Figure 11.21 Panoramic view of the duodenal bulb. This is useful for correct... Figure 11.22 Endoscopic mapping of the duodenal bulb during the insertion ph... Figure 11.23 Mapping of the walls of the duodenal bulb after reduction of th... Figure 11.24 Appearance of the transitional zone between the duodenal bulb a... Figure 11.25 Horizontal configuration of the transitional zone between the d...Figure 11.26 The major duodenal papilla, the hallmark of the second portion ...Figure 11.27 The major duodenal papilla. The side‐viewing duodenoscope allow...Figure 11.28 The endoscopic appearance of the duodenum at the level of the l...Figure 11.29 View of the gastric body during the initial phase of the retrof...Figure 11.30 Appearance of the cardia after partial withdrawal of the shaft ...Figure 11.31 Detailed view of the cardia after further withdrawal of the sco...Figure 11.32 Appearance of the Z‐line signals the end of the withdrawal part...Figure 11.33 Small squamous papilloma of the middle esophagus.Figure 11.34 (a) Proximal edge of almost circumferential mass in the distal ...Figure 11.35 Highly unusual appearance of the gastric mucosa: prominent and ...Figure 11.36 (a) Acute phase of severe corrosive gastritis. (b) Multiple sca...Figure 11.37 Pinpoint narrowing of the pylorus induced by the circular mass ...Figure 11.38 Heterotopic pancreas in the greater curvature of the prepyloric...Figure 11.39 (a) Sessile hyperplastic polyp in the antrum. (b) Inflammatory ...Figure 11.40 Burkitt’s lymphoma: multiple ulcerated mass lesions in the stom...Figure 11.41 Razed, rounded ulcerated lesions with irregular base in the sto...Figure 11.42 (a) A relatively large active ulcer on the posterior wall of th...Figure 11.43 (a) Edematous and dilated folds of the duodenum. (b) Numerous w...

3 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Unusually wide‐open anus. This finding is suspicious for spina b...Figure 12.2 Squamocolumnar junction or dentate line.Figure 12.3 The longitudinal folds in the distal rectum (columns of Morgani)...Figure 12.4 Semilunar folds of Houston in the rectum.Figure 12.5 Typical vascular pattern of the normal rectum.Figure 12.6 The sigmoid colon. The endoscopic markers of normal sigmoid colo...Figure 12.7 The angle is sharper when the descending colon extends down belo...Figure 12.8 The descending colon. The shape of the descending colon is close...Figure 12.9 The vascular pattern of the descending colon. The stems of the v...Figure 12.10 The splenic flexure. It is marked by bluish discoloration.Figure 12.11 The angle between the splenic flexure and transverse colon in r...Figure 12.12 The transverse colon. The triangular shape is the endoscopic ha...Figure 12.13 The hepatic flexure. The mucosa of this area is paler and has a...Figure 12.14 The hepatic flexure, which is dome shaped. The junction between...Figure 12.15 Appendiceal orifice and “bow and arrow sign”: the imaginary arr...Figure 12.16 A focal widening or bulging of the circular fold at the upper a...Figure 12.17 Lumen as a clock face. (a) Scope straight. (b) Tip up deflectio...Figure 12.18 Slightly depressed groove‐like area and merging folds are the s...Figure 12.19 The main submucosal veins and their branches. The main vessels ...Figure 12.20 Common locations of the lumen. (a) The lumen is located at 9 o’...Figure 12.21 Prominent taenia coli. An appearance of the taenia while approa...Figure 12.22 Schematic images of: (a) alpha loop, (b) N‐loop and (c) Scope G...Figure 12.23 Gamma loop in the transverse colon.Figure 12.24 The ileocecal valve. It is usually located between the 5 o’cloc...Figure 12.25 The terminal ileum. Velvety texture, yellowish tinge, and lymph...Figure 12.26 Ulcerative colitis. Diffuse inflammation is typical for ulcerat...Figure 12.27 The “cecal patch”: a focal inflammation of the appendiceal orif...Figure 12.28 Severe form of ulcerative colitis. (a) Narrowing of the lumen d...Figure 12.29 Multiple pseudopolyps. (a,b) Acute phase. (c) Endoscopic remiss...Figure 12.30 Aphthous ulcer. A small, 4–5 mm, shallow lesion with the rim of...Figure 12.31 Deep longitudinal ulcers in a patient with Crohn’s disease.Figure 12.32 (a) Mucosal bridging. (b) Colonic stricture.Figure 12.33 Allergic colitis. Multiple lymphoid follicles with rim of eryth...Figure 12.34 Small aphthoid‐like lesions can occasionally be induced by bowe...Figure 12.35 Numerous lymphoid follicles in the sigmoid colon.Figure 12.36 Multiple enlarged (more than 3 mm) lymphoid follicles in the te...Figure 12.37 Six‐year‐old boy with recurrent ileocolonic intussusceptions. I...Figure 12.38 Sessile juvenile polyp.Figure 12.39 Pedunculated juvenile polyp.Figure 12.40 Large juvenile polyp in the descending colon.Figure 12.41 The “chicken skin” sign. The mucosa around a large juvenile pol...Figure 12.42 Juvenile polyposis. Multiple juvenile polyps in the rectum and ...Figure 12.43 Multiple colon polyps in a 5‐year‐old boy with FAP.Figure 12.44 Adenocarcinoma of the right colon in an 11‐year‐old boy with si...Figure 12.45 Non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the ileum. The indications for a colo...Figure 12.46 Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the colon: multiple yellowish ...Figure 12.47 Large hemangioma of the sigmoid colon in a 3‐year‐old girl with...Figure 12.48 Angiodysplasia of the colon in a child with recurrent low GI bl...Figure 12.49 Idiopathic colonic varices of the right colon in a 9‐year‐old b...Figure 12.50 Congenital colonic varices in a 3‐week‐old baby with hematochez...